[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108741-en":3,"doc-seo-108741-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},108741,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",8,"Research & Report","Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Development - Nepal Public Expenditure Review","The document reviews Nepal’s public expenditure framework in the context of sustainable development and the evolving federal fiscal system. It outlines how the 2015 constitution shifted Nepal from centralized governance to federal structures, with subnational spending increasingly supported by transfers and revenue sharing. It explains the fiscal transfer system’s transparency and predictability while assessing rising expenditures, debt dynamics, and budget deficits, including the effects of initiating intergovernmental transfers in FY18. It also examines environmental fiscal policy and the delivery of public investment.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nFISCAL POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  \nNEPAL ‒ PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW  \n© 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank  \nThe World Bank  \n1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA  \nTel: 1-202-473-1000  \nFax: 1-207-477-6391  \n[www.worldbank.org](www.worldbank.org)  \nThis work is a product of the staff of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nNothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of the World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.  \nAttribution  \nPlease cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2021. Nepal Public Expenditure Review-Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Development.  \nWashington, DC: World Bank.  \nThird-party content  \nThe World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of this work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but not are limited to tables, figures, or images.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 1-202-522-2625; e-mail: [pubrights@worldbank.org](pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nGraphic design and Illustration by Mohammad Inamul Shahriar  \nFISCAL POLICY FOR  \nSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  \nNEPAL – PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW  \nCONTENTS  \nAcknowledgments iii  \nExecutive Summary iv  \nC H A P T E R 1 9  \nMacro-fiscal context  \nC H A P T E R 2 19  \nExpenditure in federal Nepal  \nC H A P T E R 3 38  \nRevenue  \nC H A P T E R 4 53  \nEnvironmental fiscal policy: air  \npollution, energy, and climate change  \nC H A P T E R 5 65  \nBudget execution and public investment management  \nReferences 79  \n| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003Cbr>This report was prepared by a team led by Kene Ezemenari and Florian Blum, with guidance from Faris Hadad-Zervos, Zoubida Allaoua, Manuela Francisco, Lada Strelkova, Tae Hyun Lee, and Mona Prasad. Chapter 1 was written by Kene Ezemenari, Nayan Joshi, Pui Shen Yoong and Florian Blum, with inputs from Rei Odawara. Chapter 2 was written by Pui Shen Yoong, Leif Jensen and Jamie Boex. Chapter 3 was written by Florian Blum, Gonzalo Varela, and Federico Ganz. Chapter 4 was written by Florian Blum and Kevin Rowe. Chapter 5 was written by Kene Ezemenari, Nayan Joshi, Tuan Minh Le, Ahya Ihsanand Vidyadhar Mallik.\u003Cbr>The report benefited from comments by: Fan Zhang, Ewa Korczyc, Charles Undeland, Wilfried","cbCaifumg0RSVaxu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifumg0RSVaxu","pdf",4333069,6,1,90,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Chapter 1 - Macro-fiscal context\n# Chapter 2 - Expenditure in federal Nepal\n# Chapter 3 - Revenue\n# Chapter 4 - Environmental fiscal policy: air pollution, energy, and climate change\n# Chapter 5 - Budget execution and public investment management\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What does the report analyze about Nepal’s fiscal system?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes Nepal’s public expenditure and fiscal policy within the framework of sustainable development and the transition to a federal republic after the 2015 constitution.\"},{\"question\":\"How are subnational governments financed according to the executive summary?\",\"answer\":\"Subnational governments are mainly financed through multiple intergovernmental transfers and revenue sharing.\"},{\"question\":\"Which chapters address environmental and investment aspects?\",\"answer\":\"Environmental fiscal policy is covered in Chapter 4, while budget execution and public investment management are covered in Chapter 5.\"}]","Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Development - 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