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This study evaluated 404 pregnant women in the OBESO cohort, measuring maternal vitamin D at 11–14 weeks and defining deficiency as \u003C20.0 ng/mL. Women with deficiency showed a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, p=0.01) while no association appeared for other APOs. Early monitoring may support vitamin D supplementation to reduce GDM risk.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/first-trimester-vitamin-d-deficiency-and-risk-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-in-a-mexican-cohort/467092/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/first-trimester-vitamin-d-deficiency-and-risk-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-in-a-mexican-cohort/467092.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How was vitamin D deficiency defined in the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a maternal vitamin D level below 20.0 ng/mL, measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What was the sample size and when were vitamin D levels measured?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study included 404 pregnant women, with vitamin D levels measured at 11–14 weeks of pregnancy.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Did vitamin D deficiency increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Yes. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, p=0.01).",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"Was vitamin D deficiency associated with other adverse perinatal outcomes?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"No association was found between vitamin D deficiency and other listed APOs, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},467092,1791070124,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":144,"language":145,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":146,"faqs":147,"seo_title":148,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":149,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},687212321768,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a0010bdbe886d2fe77?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789897067658708522","Article  \nFirst Trimester Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Cohort  \nLidia Arce-Sánchez 1,†, Isabel González-Ludlow 2,†, Ileana Lizano-Jubert 3,4,  \nJocelyn Andrea Almada-Balderrama 1, Blanca Vianey Suárez-Rico 5, Araceli Montoya-Estrada 3, *, Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez 5, Maribel Sánchez-Martinez 5, Juan Mario Solis-Paredes 6, Johnatan Torres-Torres 6, Ameyalli Mariana Rodríguez-Cano 2, Maricruz Tolentino-Dolores 2, Otilia Perichart-Perera 2, Mariana Villegas-Soto 5,7 and Enrique Reyes-Muñoz 3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Anna Maria Marconi  \nReceived: 20 November 2025  \nRevised: 16 December 2025  \nAccepted: 21 December 2025  \nPublished: 27 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Coordination of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes,  \nMexico City 11000, Mexico; [li_arce@yahoo.com.mx](li_arce@yahoo.com.mx) (L.A.-S.); [jocelyn.almada@gmail.com](jocelyn.almada@gmail.com) (J.A.A.-B.)  \n2 Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; [rocameyalli@gmail.com](rocameyalli@gmail.com) (A.M.R.-C.); [cruz_tolentino@yahoo.com.mx](cruz_tolentino@yahoo.com.mx) (M.T.-D.); [otiliaperichart@inper.gob.mx](otiliaperichart@inper.gob.mx) (O.P.-P.)  \n3 Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; [ileana1500@gmail.com](ileana1500@gmail.com)  \n4 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México, Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico  \n5 Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; [blancasuarezrico@gmail.com](blancasuarezrico@gmail.com) (B.V.S.-R.);  \n[guadalupe.estrada@inper.gob.mx](guadalupe.estrada@inper.gob.mx) (G.E.-G.); [maribel1971sm@gmail.com](maribel1971sm@gmail.com) (M.S.-M.);  \n[maliviso99@gmail.com](maliviso99@gmail.com) (M.V.-S.)  \n6 Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; [juan.mario.sp@gmail.com](juan.mario.sp@gmail.com) (J.M.S.-P.); [johnatan.torres@inper.gob.mx](johnatan.torres@inper.gob.mx) (J.T.-T.)  \n7 Facultad Interdiscliplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico  \n* Correspondence: [ara_mones@hotmail.com](ara_mones@hotmail.com) (A.M.-E.); [enrique.reyes@inper.gob.mx](enrique.reyes@inper.gob.mx) (E.R.-M.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract  \nBackground/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs) . This study aimed to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy is linked to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a Mexican population. Methods: A total of 404 pregnant women from the Biochemical and Epigenetic Origin of Overweight and Obesity (OBESO) cohort were included. Maternal vitamin D levels were measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level below 20.0 ng/mL. The primary goal was to compare APOs between Group 1 (women with vitamin D deficiency) and Group 2 (women without vitamin D deficiency) . Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for APOs—including GDM, preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size—were calculated, adjusting for pregestational body mass index (BMI) and obesity, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) . Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 40.5% of women. Pre-pregnancy BMI and obesity were significantly higher in women with deficiency; other baseline characteristics did not d","cbCair81MDbZyTRl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair81MDbZyTRl","pdf",458762,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Vitamin D roles and definitions\n## Causes and prevalence of deficiency","[{\"question\":\"How was vitamin D deficiency defined in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a maternal vitamin D level below 20.0 ng/mL, measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the sample size and when were vitamin D levels measured?\",\"answer\":\"The study included 404 pregnant women, with vitamin D levels measured at 11–14 weeks of pregnancy.\"},{\"question\":\"Did vitamin D deficiency increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, p=0.01).\"},{\"question\":\"Was vitamin D deficiency associated with other adverse perinatal outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"No association was found between vitamin D deficiency and other listed APOs, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size.\"}]","First Trimester Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Cohort | PDF",1790772303]