[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-85937-en":3,"doc-seo-85937-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},85937,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",6,"Technology","Firewall3D: A Hardware Firewall for Defending 3D Printers Against Firmware Attacks","3D printing growth has expanded the market and simultaneously increased cybersecurity threats targeting additive manufacturing systems. Attacks can sabotage printed parts, steal intellectual property, or physically harm printers, with firmware-level manipulation introduced through supply chain compromises, malicious updates, or insider actions. Firewall3D proposes a dedicated hardware firewall that continuously monitors physical-layer signals such as stepper currents, end stops, temperatures, and fan activity to verify alignment with intended G-code execution, detecting firmware attacks, triggering alarms, and halting printing to prevent further damage.","arXiv :2607 . 10484v 1 [ cs .CR] 11 Jul 2026  \nFirewall3D: A Hardware Firewall for Defending 3D Printers Against Firmware Attacks  \nSeyed Ali Ghazi Asgar and Narasimha Reddy  \nTexas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College  \nStation,TX,USA  \n{alighazi,[reddy}@tamu.edu](reddy}@tamu.edu)  \nAbstract. As the 3D printing market continues to grow rapidly, with an estimated value exceeding $30 billion, cybersecurity risks and attacks targeting additive manufacturing systems are also increasing. These attacks aim to sabotage printed components, steal intellectual property, or even physically damage the 3D printer itself. One major cybersecurity threat in this domain is firmware level attacks, which can be introduced through supply chain compromises, malicious firmware updates, or insider threats that deploy modified firmware to manipulate printer behavior. To defend against such threats, we propose a dedicated hardware based security solution, Firewall3D, that acts as a hardware firewall for 3D printers.  \nFirewall3D continuously monitors physical layer signals, including stepper motor currents, end stop switches, nozzle and bed temperatures and cooling fans, to verify that the printer’s physical behavior matches the intended G-code execution. Our experimental results demonstrate that Firewall3D can effectively detect a wide range of firmware attacks that could compromise print integrity, damage printer components, or leak intellectual property. Upon detecting abnormal behavior, the system can immediately trigger an alarm and halt the printing process, thereby preventing further damage and risks.  \nKeywords: 3D Printing · Firmware Security · Hardware Firewall · Additive Manufacturing · Cybersecurity · Attack Detection · Physical Layer Monitoring  \n1 Introduction  \n3D printing is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that creates objects by stacking successive layers of material on top of one another. Although AM was initially used primarily for prototyping, it is now widely employed to produce parts with complex geometries [16,37,12,33,1] . For example, recently, the Apple Watch Ultra 3 was manufactured using 3D printing technology using recycled aerospace grade titanium powder [29] .  \nAdditive manufacturing is subject to various threats. In particular, it faces numerous cybersecurity challenges. One major concern in this area is the theft of intellectual property (IP)[35,2,31,23,38,25,6,19,13,20,5,18] . In such scenarios, attackers attempt to steal design files or G-code files in order to manufacture  \n2 SA. Ghazi Asgar and N.Reddy  \ncounterfeit components, which often lack the strength, quality, and reliability of the original parts  \nTo keep design files secure, researchers in [8,36] proposed a streaming based solution. In this approach, the client streams the G-code files line by line to the manufacturing site, and each command is deleted from memory immediately after execution, keeping the G-code file safe. However, this approach raises security concerns for manufacturers. G-code files can be dangerous or compromised [10,4,30], and executing them on the manufacturing site can potentially damage expensive machinery. To address this issue, the authors in [6] proposed a novel design file streaming method. In their approach, the design file is first sliced into horizontal layers and then sent to the manufacturer. A real-time design-file-to G-code translator on the manufacturing side converts these layers into G-code commands. Since the G-codes are generated locally at the manufacturing site, they are safe and do not pose a risk of damaging the machine. Therefore, the manufacturer and the client are both protected.  \nIn addition to targeting design files, attackers may also exploit 3D printer hardware. In side-channel attacks, adversaries use indirect signals emitted by the machine to infer or reconstruct the printed objects. Various side channels have been exploited to infer sensitive information","cbCaiaxNssiB83k2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaxNssiB83k2","pdf",17332586,1,31,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Threats and Attacks in Additive Manufacturing\n## Side-Channel Attacks on 3D Printers\n## Firmware Attacks and Existing Approaches","[{\"question\":\"What problem does Firewall3D address in 3D printing security?\",\"answer\":\"Firewall3D addresses firmware-level threats that can alter printer behavior, compromise print integrity, steal intellectual property, or cause physical damage.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Firewall3D detect firmware attacks?\",\"answer\":\"It continuously monitors physical-layer signals—stepper motor currents, end stop switches, nozzle/bed temperatures, and cooling fan activity—and checks whether the observed behavior matches intended G-code execution.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens when Firewall3D detects abnormal printer behavior?\",\"answer\":\"The system triggers an alarm and immediately halts the printing process to prevent further damage and associated 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