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Results show that FI is multidimensional, with substantial geographic variation in financial access and use. Over time, FI progresses strongly, while mobile money adoption in developing economies advances gradually and unevenly across regions, and convergence occurs at a slower pace. FI can support income per capita and human development, but its effect on inequality remains limited, requiring improved governance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/financial-inclusion-trajectories-geographical-dispersion-convergence-and-development-implications/648492/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/financial-inclusion-trajectories-geographical-dispersion-convergence-and-development-implications/648492.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Taylor Morgan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How does the paper measure financial inclusion across countries?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"It assesses FI using various FI measures and studies their geographical dispersion and convergence across a large cross-section of countries.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What does the paper find about geographical dispersion and convergence?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"FI shows diverse geographical dispersion across countries, and FI convergence is observed, but at a slower rate.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What development implications does the paper discuss?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The paper argues that FI can promote income per capita and the human development index, while its impact on inequality is limited and requires better governance for FI to act as a catalyst.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},648492,1792793721,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},1099523885336,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","The European Journal of Development Research (2024) 36:897–924  \n[https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00616-7](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00616-7)  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nFinancial Inclusion Trajectories: Geographical Dispersion, Convergence, and Development Implications  \nSonia Kumari Selvarajan1 · V. G. R. Chandran1  \nAccepted: 16 November 2023 / Published online: 11 January 2024  \n© European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI) 2024  \nAbstract  \nThe profound attempts to promote financial inclusion (FI) need more scrutiny for better policy insights. This paper, therefore, assesses the nature of FI in terms of geographical dispersion, convergence, and implications on development goals using various FI measures for a large cross-section of countries. The findings indicate that FI is multifaceted, accounting for a diverse geographical dispersion across countries in terms of financial access and use. FI, over the years, has progressed significantly while mobile money transition in developing countries shows a gradual progress, focusing on certain regions. We observe FI convergence across countries, albeit at aslower rate. FI can act as a tool for promoting income per capita and human development index, especially in developing countries. Nevertheless, the impact of FI on inequality is limited, requiring policymakers to formulate a better governance system to promote FI as a catalyst. Policy implications are further discussed.  \nKeywords Financial inclusion · Financial institutions · Inclusive growth · Mobile money · Developing countries  \nJEL Classification G21 · O16 · O50  \nResumen  \nLos significativos intentos de promoción de la inclusión financiera (en ingles: financial inclusión, FI) necesitan más escrutinio para obtener mejores perspectivas de política. Por lo tanto, este artículo evalúa la naturaleza de la FI en términos de dispersión geográfica, convergencia, e implicaciones en los objetivos de desarrollo, utilizando varias medidas de FI para una gran sección transversal de países. Los hallazgos indican que la FI es multifacética, y explica la dispersión geográfica diversa  \n* Sonia Kumari Selvarajan [soniakumari@um.edu.my](soniakumari@um.edu.my)  \nV. G. R. Chandran  \n[vgrchandran@um.edu.my](vgrchandran@um.edu.my)  \n1 Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia  \nentre países en términos de acceso y uso financiero. La FI, a lo largo de los años, haprogresado significativamente; mientras que la transición del dinero móvil en los países en desarrollo muestra un progreso gradual, enfocándose en ciertas regiones. Observamos la convergencia de la FI entre países, aunque a un ritmo más lento. La FI puede actuar como una herramienta para promover el ingreso per cápita y el índicede desarrollo humano, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, el impacto de la FI en la desigualdad es limitado, lo que requiere que los formuladores de políticas elaboren un sistema de gobernanza mejor para promover la FI como uncatalizador. Se discuten también las implicaciones de la política.  \nRésumé  \nLes tentatifs considerables de promotion l’inclusion financière (en anglais, « financial inclusion», IF) nécessitent un examen plus approfondi afin de donner des meilleures perspectives politiques. Ce document évalue donc la nature de l’IF en termes de dispersion géographique, de convergence, et d’implications sur les objectifs dedéveloppement, en utilisant diverses mesures de l’IF pour une large section transversale de pays. Les résultats indiquent que l’IF est multidimensionelle, expliquant la dispersion géographique diverse à travers les pays en termes d’accès et d’utilisation financiers. L’IF, au fil des ans, a progressé de manière significative tandis que la transition de l’argent mobile dans les pays en développement montre un progrès graduel, se concentrant sur certaines régions. Nous obser","cbCaie14STNkCjbj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie14STNkCjbj","pdf",1396852,28,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper measure financial inclusion across countries?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses FI using various FI measures and studies their geographical dispersion and convergence across a large cross-section of countries.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the paper find about geographical dispersion and convergence?\",\"answer\":\"FI shows diverse geographical dispersion across countries, and FI convergence is observed, but at a slower rate.\"},{\"question\":\"What development implications does the paper discuss?\",\"answer\":\"The paper argues that FI can promote income per capita and the human development index, while its impact on inequality is limited and requires better governance for FI to act as a catalyst.\"}]","Financial Inclusion Trajectories - Geographical Dispersion, Convergence, and Development Implications | PDF",71]