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It reconstructs Baley’s core positions on how character relates to will, behavior, fixed ethical principles, and moral education, while also addressing whether accurate and complete knowledge of character is achievable. Baley’s approach is assessed through Twardowski’s psychological and ethical tradition, emphasizing situation-based case studies as a workable scientific method.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/filozofia-nauki-the-characterology-of-stepan-baley/145186/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/filozofia-nauki-the-characterology-of-stepan-baley/145186.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"wps_ap_test_251126_0180","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the paper’s main goal regarding Stepan Baley’s research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To identify the relevance of Baley’s character research by analyzing his key characterological points and assessing their potential within Twardowski’s philosophical tradition and ethical debate.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does Baley define character?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Baley connects character to the will and distinguishes it from temperament, links it to behavior predictable by fixed principles, and treats moral character as a value or ideal grounded in ethics.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the paper emphasize the empirical approach to character in specific situations?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Because, according to Baley, accurate knowledge of character traits can be ascertained only in particular contexts, making situation-based case studies useful for science, especially for moral education.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},145186,1787717780,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},8796095027276,"https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/d3BzX2FwX3Rlc3RfMjUxMTI2XzAxODA=","Filozofia Nauki (The Philosophy of Science) ISSN 1230-6894 e-ISSN 2657-5868 2022, vol. 30(2) [118]: 65-77  \nDOI: 10.14394/filnau.2022.0018  \nOLHA HONCHARENKO*  \nTHE CHARACTEROLOGY OF STEPAN BALEY  \nSOME PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL COMMENTS  \nAbstract  \nThis article aims at identifying the relevance of character research, conducted by Stepan Baley, a representative of the Ukrainian branch of the Lviv-Warsaw School. To achieve this, the author first analyzes the key points of Baley’s characterology, and then demonstrates its potential from the perspective of Twardowski’s philosophical tradition and within the ethical debate on the empirical approach to character. The author concludes that it is impossible, according to Baley, to obtain accurate and complete knowledge of character, as well as it is impossible to educate a person in a certain way.  \nKeywords: Stepan Baley, Lviv-Warsaw School, Kazimierz Twardowski, character, empirical research, psychology of morality, situationism  \nThe empirical approach to character has been a matter of intense debate in ethics. Some researchers pay special attention to empirical facts in assessing moral behavior; others consider them only auxiliary or even marginal. Stepan Baley (1885-1952), a representative of the Ukrainian branch of the Lviv-Warsaw School (1895-1939), tried to avoid extremes in solving this problem. According to him, character cannot be the subject of exact scientific research; however, case studies that investigate human behavior in a specific situation are useful for science. In particular, they are important for the theory of moral education. Baley discusses this issue in such works as:  \n—“The Normal Character,” Rocznik Psychiatryczny (1933) [in Polish];  \n— The Characterology and Typology of Children and Youth, Warszawa 1933 [in Polish];  \n* National Academy of State Border Service of Ukraine named after Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, 29007 Khmelnytskyi, Shevchenka St. 46, Ukraine, e-mail: [olgegoncharenko@gmail.com](olgegoncharenko@gmail.com), ORCID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-8740](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-8740) .  \n66 OLHA HONCHARENKO  \n—“Research into the Social Behavior of Preschoolers,” Przedszkole (1934- 1935) [in Polish (2016b)];  \n—The Psychology of Character, Lviv 1935 [in Ukrainian (2002)];  \n—“Research on the Ethics and Aesthetics of Preschool Children,” Polskie Archiwum Psychologii (1935-1936) [in Polish (2016a)] .  \nBaley’s work on the empirical approach to character has not yet been the subject of a separate study. In this paper, I will highlight Baley’s characterology within the modern context. To do this, I will first analyze the key points of Baley’s characterology, and then evaluate their potential from the perspective of Twardowski’s psychological and ethical thought and from the context of the ethical debate on the empirical approach to character.  \n1. BALEY’S CHARACTEROLOGY  \nBaley stressed that the contemporary definitions of character were unclear and imprecise with him believing that this was the result of the misuse of the concept of character.  \nBaley described character:  \n— through the concept of the will; to this end, he distinguishes between the concepts of character and temperament: he associates temperament with the senses, and character—with the will;  \n— through the concept of behavior; since there is a close connection between character and the will, the close connection between the will and human behavior is also obvious;  \n— as genuine, character meets certain fixed and unchanging principles; since it allows us to predict how a person will act in a certain situation;  \n— as moral, character meets certain principles of ethics; Baley interprets such character as a certain value, a certain ideal.  \nBaley identified character with personality as well. In this sense, a certain person’s character is what characterizes him or her, what determines his or her identity (Baley 1933b: 9-11) .  \nBaley investigated whether character, as a","cbCaishO23RN0W2W","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaishO23RN0W2W","pdf",100187,13,"English","# Abstract\n## Baley’s characterology and its key distinctions\n## Empirical research: situation-based case studies\n## Character formation and moral education\n## Discussion within Twardowski’s ethical and psychological tradition","[{\"question\":\"What is the paper’s main goal regarding Stepan Baley’s research?\",\"answer\":\"To identify the relevance of Baley’s character research by analyzing his key characterological points and assessing their potential within Twardowski’s philosophical tradition and ethical debate.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Baley define character?\",\"answer\":\"Baley connects character to the will and distinguishes it from temperament, links it to behavior predictable by fixed principles, and treats moral character as a value or ideal grounded in ethics.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the paper emphasize the empirical approach to character in specific situations?\",\"answer\":\"Because, according to Baley, accurate knowledge of character traits can be ascertained only in particular contexts, making situation-based case studies useful for science, especially for moral education.\"}]","Filozofia Nauki - The Characterology of Stepan Baley | PDF",33]