[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-587389-105":59,"doc-detail-587389-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","fifty-worlds-of-welfare-state-discretion-and-social-citizenship-since-1994","Fifty Worlds of Welfare - State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994","","Social citizenship depends on how generous and inclusive welfare assistance is, and on the terms attached to receiving it. In the United States, policy has long reflected deference to private markets, tiered eligibility, and substantial variation across local and state jurisdictions. This article analyzes how American social provision was reconfigured from 1994 to 2022 using the State Safety Net Policy dataset across nine safety net programs for low-income families with children, mapping trends and cross-state differences and their implications for substantive citizenship.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fifty-worlds-of-welfare-state-discretion-and-social-citizenship-since-1994/587389/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fifty-worlds-of-welfare-state-discretion-and-social-citizenship-since-1994/587389.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"วิน","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is social citizenship defined in the article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is defined through the boundaries (scope and inclusiveness), the terms (conditions of receipt), and the benefits (generosity) of assistance offered to individuals.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What time period does the article analyze?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It examines the reconfiguration of American social provision over three decades, from 1994 to 2022.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which dataset and programs does the study use?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The analysis uses the State Safety Net Policy (SNNP) dataset and compares generosity and inclusiveness across nine safety net programs for low-income families with children.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},587389,1792210432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336475104736,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c5e0e5b17e70?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786591360781797222","Fifty Worlds of Welfare: State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994  \nsarah K . bruch , a run chau dha ry, colin gordon , and Ka leigh K . White  \nThe efficacy of social citizenship is determined by the generosity and the inclusiveness of assistance, and by the terms under which such assistance is offered. In the United States, social policies have historically been characterized by deference to private markets, categorical tiers of eligibility, and marked variation across local and state jurisdictions. In this article, we describe and characterize the reconfiguration of American social provision over a three-decade span (1994–2022). Using the State Safety Net Policy (SNNP) dataset, we employ comparable measures of the generosity of assistance and the inclusiveness of receipt across nine safety net programs for low-income families with children. These measures allow us to detail program trends, assess the extent of cross-state variation in provision, and tease out the implications of both for substantive social citizenship in the United States.  \nKeywords: social citizenship, safety net policies, welfare, decentralization, race, cash assistance  \nSocial citizenship, as an aspirational analogue Gordon and Fraser 1992; Dean 2015). They feato political or civil rights, denotes the rights of ture terms of receipt that are inclusive and uncitizens to an unconditional and minimum conditional, conferring both autonomy and standard of civilized living (Marshall 1950) . So- recognition (Phillips 2022; Segall 2005; Fraser cial policies, in this respect, ensure a rights- 1995), and they provide benefits sufficient to based claim to well-being and support “for ev- sustain a “modicum of security” without imerybody and by everybody”(Titmuss 1968, 42) posing any reciprocal obligations, such as work based on collective membership, solidarity, (Marshall 1950, 11) or other behavioral condiand recognition (Handler 2009; Somers 2008; tions (Mead 2008). Conceptualized in this way,  \nSarah K. Bruch is associate professor at the University of Delaware, Newark, United States. Arun Chaudhary is a doctoral candidate at the University of Delaware, Newark, United States. Colin Gordon is professor of history at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States. KaLeigh K. White is a 2023–2025 National Poverty Fellow with the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States.  \n© 2026 Russell Sage Foundation. Bruch, Sarah K., Arun Chaudhary, Colin Gordon, and KaLeigh K. White. 2026.“Fifty Worlds of Welfare: State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 12(1): 34–66. [https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.02. Direct correspondence to:](https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.02. Direct correspondence to:)[ ](https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2026.12.1.02. Direct correspondence to:)Sarah K. Bruch, at [skbruch@udel.edu](skbruch@udel.edu), 111 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, United States. Arun Chaudhary, at [achaudh@udel.edu](achaudh@udel.edu), 111 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, United States. Colin Gordon, at colin-gordon @ [uiowa.edu](uiowa.edu), 280 Schaeffer Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States. KaLeigh K. White, at kaleighkwhite @ [gmail.com](gmail.com), 1180 Observatory Drive, 3412 William H. Sewell Social Sciences Building, Madison, WI 53706- 1320, United States.  \nOpen Access Policy: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences is an open access journal. This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.  \nF i F t y Wo r l d s o F W e l Fa r e 35  \nthe efficacy of social citizenship is determined by its boundaries (the scope or inclusiveness of assistance), its terms (the conditions under which assistance is offered), and its benefits (the generosity of assistance). The pursuit and protection of such claims are especially important in modern capitalist democr","cbCaiqQNxzOZqOGD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqQNxzOZqOGD","pdf",3002432,33,"English","# Introduction\n## Defining social citizenship through assistance\n## Research design and dataset\n## Findings on state discretion and variation","[{\"question\":\"How is social citizenship defined in the article?\",\"answer\":\"It is defined through the boundaries (scope and inclusiveness), the terms (conditions of receipt), and the benefits (generosity) of assistance offered to individuals.\"},{\"question\":\"What time period does the article analyze?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the reconfiguration of American social provision over three decades, from 1994 to 2022.\"},{\"question\":\"Which dataset and programs does the study use?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses the State Safety Net Policy (SNNP) dataset and compares generosity and inclusiveness across nine safety net programs for low-income families with children.\"}]","Fifty Worlds of Welfare - State Discretion and Social Citizenship Since 1994 | PDF",1792061757,83]