[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-373826-105":59,"doc-detail-373826-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","fibrinogen-alpha-and-beta-chains-as-non-invasive-predictors-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-progression","Fibrinogen alpha and beta chains as non-invasive predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma progression","","Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carries a high global burden, yet current non-invasive diagnosis relies on markers such as α-fetoprotein (AFP), which show limited sensitivity and specificity, especially in early disease. This study evaluated fibrinogen family chains (FGA, FGB, FGG) as alternative non-invasive indicators, finding significant downregulation in HCC. Lower FGA and FGB expression correlated with worse overall and disease-free survival, and ELISA confirmed reduced serum levels. Diagnostic performance for early HCC exceeded AFP. A negative association also emerged between fibrinogen expression and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, supporting a link to the tumor immune microenvironment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fibrinogen-alpha-and-beta-chains-as-non-invasive-predictors-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-progression/373826/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fibrinogen-alpha-and-beta-chains-as-non-invasive-predictors-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-progression/373826.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"awa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study’s goal regarding hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To identify non-invasive diagnostic markers with better efficacy for hepatocellular carcinoma progression than commonly used biomarkers.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do FGA and FGB relate to outcomes in HCC patients?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"FGA, FGB, and FGG are significantly downregulated in HCC, and lower expression of FGA and FGB is strongly associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does fibrinogen performance compare with AFP for early-stage HCC detection?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Diagnostic accuracies of FGA and FGB for detecting HCC, especially early stages, surpassed those of AFP, and ELISA supported reduced serum protein levels in patients.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},373826,1790648946,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747858093,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nFibrinogen alpha and beta chains as non-invasive predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma progression  \nHyung Seok Kim1,5, Ji Yi Choi2,3,5, Se Ha Jang2,3,5, Minji Kang2,3, Moon Gyeong Yoon2, Geum Ok Baek2, Won Park4, Ji Eun Han2, Hyo Jung Cho2, Jee-Yeong Jeong1, Jae Youn Cheong2, Soon Sun Kim2􀀍 & Jung Woo Eun2􀀍  \nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant global health burden due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient outcomes; however, current diagnostic methods, such as the measurement of α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, have notable limitations. Our study aimed to explore non-invasive markers with superior diagnostic efficacy for HCC. Our findings revealed a significant downregulation of FGA, FGB, and FGG in HCC, with lower expression levels strongly associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Notably, the diagnostic accuracies of FGA and FGB in detecting HCC, particularly in its early stages, surpassed that of AFP. ELISA results further confirmed the reduced serum levels of these proteins in HCC patients. In addition, a negative correlation was observed between fibrinogen expression and the abundance of myeloidderived suppressor cells in HCC. FGA and FGB emerge as promising non-invasive biomarkers for HCC, offering improved diagnostic accuracy compared toAFP. Their consistent downregulation across different stages of HCC and their linkage to the tumor microenvironment underscore their potential role in HCC pathogenesis. These insights warrant further investigation and may contribute to the development of more effective diagnostic tools.  \nKeywords Liver cancer, Diagnostic biomarker, Fibrinogen, Α-fetoprotein, Tumor immune landscape  \nAbbreviations  \nAFP  \nADJ  \nALTANOVAAST  \nAUC  \naHCC  \ncDNA  \nCH  \nCHOL  \nCI CLICK DFS  \nDN  \nearly HCC  \nα-fetoprotein  \nAdjacent  \nAlanine aminotransferase  \nOne-way analysis of variance  \nAspartate aminotransferase  \nArea under curve  \nAdvanced hepatocellular carcinoma Complementary deoxyribo nucleic acid Chronic hepatitis  \nCholangiocarcinoma  \nConfidence interval  \nCLuster Identication via Connectivity Kernels Disease-free survival  \nDysplastic nodule  \nEarly staged hepatocellular carcinoma  \n1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, South Korea.  \n2Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea. 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, South Korea. 4Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.  \n5Hyung Seok Kim, Ji Yi Choi and Se Ha Jang contributed equally to this work. 􀀍 email: [cocorico99@gmail.com](cocorico99@gmail.com); [jetaimebin@gmail.com](jetaimebin@gmail.com)  \n[www. nature.com/scientificreports/](www. nature.com/scientificreports/)  \nELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  \nFGA Fibrinogen alpha chain  \nFGB Fibrinogen beta chain  \nFGG Fibrinogen gamma chain  \nGAPDH Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase GSEA Gene set enrichment analysis  \nHBV Hepatitis B virus  \nHCC Hepatocellular carcinoma  \nHCCDB 2.0 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Expression DataBase 2.0 HCV Hepatitis C virus  \nHMBS Hydroxymethylbilane synthase  \nHR Hazard ratio  \nIHC Immunohistochemistry  \nINR International normalized ratio  \nLC Liver cirrhosis  \nLIHC Liver hepatocellular carcinoma  \nMDSC Myeloid-derived suppressor cells  \nMSigDB Molecular Signatures Database  \nmUICC Modified Union for International Cancer Control  \nNAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  \nNL Normal liver  \nNT Non-tumor  \nOS Overall survival  \nP Patient  \nPCR Polymerase chain reaction  \nPIVKA-II Prothrombin-induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II qRT-PCR Quantitative r","cbCailLkXx94keww","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailLkXx94keww","pdf",13393831,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Clinical burden and need for early diagnosis\n## Limitations of current biomarkers (AFP and PIVKA-II)\n## Rationale for fibrinogen family markers","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s goal regarding hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"To identify non-invasive diagnostic markers with better efficacy for hepatocellular carcinoma progression than commonly used biomarkers.\"},{\"question\":\"How do FGA and FGB relate to outcomes in HCC patients?\",\"answer\":\"FGA, FGB, and FGG are significantly downregulated in HCC, and lower expression of FGA and FGB is strongly associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival.\"},{\"question\":\"How does fibrinogen performance compare with AFP for early-stage HCC detection?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnostic accuracies of FGA and FGB for detecting HCC, especially early stages, surpassed those of AFP, and ELISA supported reduced serum protein levels in patients.\"}]","Fibrinogen alpha and beta chains as non-invasive predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma progression | PDF",1790200597,43]