[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-462783-105":59,"doc-detail-462783-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","fibrin-glues-proteins-mechanism-of-action-classification-and-application","Fibrin Glues: Proteins, Mechanism of Action, Classification, and Application","","Fibrin glues are researched as effective tools for controlling bleeding in wounds and surgical interventions. The study summarizes current and emerging fibrin glue types, including their sources, mechanisms of action, and key properties. Emphasis is placed on biocompatibility together with adhesive and hemostatic performance that supports broad surgical use across difficult-to-access anatomical sites. The work also evaluates adjunct strategies using biologically active substances such as antibiotics and growth factors, and cell therapy to improve overall efficacy. Experimental model evidence is presented alongside ongoing development of next-generation formulations for long-term use with adjustable properties based on cell and tissue interaction data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fibrin-glues-proteins-mechanism-of-action-classification-and-application/462783/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fibrin-glues-proteins-mechanism-of-action-classification-and-application/462783.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McGucket","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are fibrin glues used for in surgery?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Fibrin glues are used to stop bleeding in wounds and surgical interventions. They also help seal tissue defects and wound surfaces in various organs and tissues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do fibrin glues work at the molecular level?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They are formed by mixing fibrinogen and thrombin to generate fibrin clots that mimic the blood coagulation cascade. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, driving clot formation and strong tissue adhesion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What makes fibrin glues suitable for difficult-to-access areas?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Their adhesive and hemostatic properties support effective sealing, and they can be applied to areas where mechanical adhesion tools like sutures or staples are problematic. The text highlights use in challenging anatomical locations and for hidden hemostasis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},462783,1791168617,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},1236954412713,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nFibrin Glues: Proteins, Mechanism of Action, Classification, and Application  \nEkaterina A. Levicheva , Daria D. Linkova , Ekaterina A. Farafontova , Yulia P. Rubtsova , Irina N. Charykova , Diana Ya. Aleynik  and Marfa N. Egorikhina *  \nAcademic Editor: Ilya Nifant’ev  \nReceived: 20 November 2025  \nRevised: 25 December 2025  \nAccepted: 29 December 2025  \nPublished: 31 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nFederal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;  \n[kate.lekat@yandex.ru](kate.lekat@yandex.ru) (E.A.L.); [linckovadaria@yandex.ru](linckovadaria@yandex.ru) (D.D.L.); [ekaterina_farafontova@mail.ru](ekaterina_farafontova@mail.ru) (E.A.F.);  \nrubincherry@yandex.ru (Y.P.R.); irina-ch0709@yandex.ru (I.N.C.); daleynik@yandex.ru (D.Y.A.)  \n* Correspondence: [egorihina.marfa@yandex.ru](egorihina.marfa@yandex.ru)  \nAbstract  \nThis research paper is concerned with fibrin glues, used as effective tools to stop bleeding in the case of wounds and surgical interventions. The paper provides data on the various fibrin glues—both currently used in practice and being developed, their sources, mechanisms of action, and properties. Such glues are biocompatible and are characterized by good adhesive and hemostatic properties. These characteristics mean that fibrin glues are currently widely used across a range of surgical applications. Such glues can be used independently or in combination with mechanical techniques, being particularly suitable for difficult-to-access parts of the body. The combined use of fibrin glues with various biologically active substances (BASs)—such as antibiotics and growth factors—and with cell therapy is a promising approach. Such adjuncts enhance the effectiveness of the gluesand help to optimize the therapies. This research paper presents the latest data from studies using various experimental models demonstrating the increased efficacy of fibrin glues used in combination with BASs. We also report on the ongoing development of new fibrin glues for long-term use and with optimized formulations. Studies on the interactions of these glues with cells and tissues are supporting the creation of a new generation of fibrin glues with adjustable properties.  \nKeywords: fibrin glue; fibrinogen; thrombin; hemostasis; bleeding; surgery  \n1. Introduction  \nLocal hemostasis in surgical interventions and in the case of major injuries is still a significant issue in surgery [1–3] . Effective control of hemostasis during interventions is critical not only to ensuring the best possible view of the surgical site but also to preventing complications related to blood loss in the postoperative period [4] . Parenchymal bleeding is particularly difficult to control [5] . Globally, postoperative hidden bleeding is a cause of high mortality and disability [6–8] . Furthermore, there are clinical situations when the use of mechanical tissue adhesion techniques (surgical sutures or staples) is problematic, for example, in ophthalmic surgery [9,10] . Moreover, the growing demand for control of hemostasis and for means of tissue sealing is promoting both the development of new biological glues and improvements in existing sealing materials [11] . The introduction of these new glues into clinical practice ensures successful control of hemostasis, maximizing wound sealing, especially in difficult-to-reach areas, as well as accelerating healing and tissue regeneration [12] .  \nDepending on their composition, biological glues can be divided into synthetic and natural types [13,14] . Fibrin glues (FGs) hold a special place among the natural biological glues (Figure 1) .  \nFigure 1. FGs in the classification of biologi","cbCaiedWPMxrP6MH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiedWPMxrP6MH","pdf",1718804,24,"English","# Introduction\n## Types and classification of fibrin glues\n## Mechanism of action and properties\n## Clinical applications in surgery\n## Adjunct strategies and future development","[{\"question\":\"What are fibrin glues used for in surgery?\",\"answer\":\"Fibrin glues are used to stop bleeding in wounds and surgical interventions. They also help seal tissue defects and wound surfaces in various organs and tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"How do fibrin glues work at the molecular level?\",\"answer\":\"They are formed by mixing fibrinogen and thrombin to generate fibrin clots that mimic the blood coagulation cascade. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, driving clot formation and strong tissue adhesion.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes fibrin glues suitable for difficult-to-access areas?\",\"answer\":\"Their adhesive and hemostatic properties support effective sealing, and they can be applied to areas where mechanical adhesion tools like sutures or staples are problematic. The text highlights use in challenging anatomical locations and for hidden hemostasis.\"}]","Fibrin Glues: Proteins, Mechanism of Action, Classification, and Application | PDF",1790765204]