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The study aims to assess whether Ferula assafoetida can drive differentiation of colon cancer cells toward normal-like function. Cytotoxicity was measured in Caco cells, alongside cell cycle and apoptosis by CytellTM, antioxidant/oxidative stress indices (TA, GSH, MDA) and ALP activity. JNK/MAPK expression was quantified by real-time PCR. Results show increased viable cell numbers, enhanced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation, elevated TA and GSH with reduced MDA, and upregulated JNK/MAPK.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ferula-assafoetida-induced-colon-cancer-cells-differentiation-through-jnkmapk-signalling-pathway-activation-original-article-basic-study/435115/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ferula-assafoetida-induced-colon-cancer-cells-differentiation-through-jnkmapk-signalling-pathway-activation-original-article-basic-study/435115.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aldword","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main objective of this study on Ferula assafoetida?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To evaluate whether Ferula assafoetida can induce differentiation of colon cancer cells to function as normal cells.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle changes assessed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cytotoxic effects were measured in Caco cells, while cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were assessed using CytellTM cell system.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What molecular pathway is evaluated in relation to differentiation and therapeutic potential?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study evaluates activation and expression of the JNK/MAPK signalling pathway, including JNK and MAPK gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},435115,1790941525,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","| W | J | E | M | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Experimental Medicine |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Exp Med 2025 December 20; 15(4): 110757  \nDOI: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i4.110757 ISSN 2220-315x (online)  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nBasic Study  \nFerula assafoetida induced colon cancer cells differentiation through JNK/MAPK signalling pathway activation  \nHani M Abdelsalam, Aya M Abdelghany, Wafaa A Ahmed, Abdelaziz Abbas Diab, Mona S Abdellateif  \nSpecialty type: Biochemistry and molecular biology  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nInvited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade B  \nNovelty: Grade C  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade C  \nScientific Significance: Grade B  \nP-Reviewer: Uddin MR, Senior Researcher, Senior Scientist, Bangladesh  \nReceived: June 16, 2025  \nRevised: July 12, 2025  \nAccepted: November 3, 2025  \nPublished online: December 20, 2025  \nProcessing time: 188 Days and 9.1 Hours  \nHani M Abdelsalam, Aya M Abdelghany, Abdelaziz Abbas Diab, Department of Zoology, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt  \nHani M Abdelsalam, Department of Science, Rustaq College of Education, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Rustaq 329, Oman  \nWafaa A Ahmed, Department of Cancer Biology, Cairo University, Giza 11796, Egypt  \nMona S Abdellateif, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Al Qāhirah, Egypt  \nMona S Abdellateif, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Galala University, Suez 15888, Egypt  \nCorresponding author: Mona S Abdellateif, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1 Fom Elkhaligue, Cairo 11796, Al Qāhirah, Egypt.  \n[mona.sayed@nci.cu.edu.eg](mona.sayed@nci.cu.edu.eg)  \nAbstract  \nBACKGROUND  \nColon cancer is a major health problem with increasing mortality rates worldwide.  \nAIM  \nTo evaluate the ability of Ferula assafoetida (F. assafoetida) to induce differentiation of colon cancer cells to function as normal cells.  \nMETHODS  \nThe cytotoxic effect of F. assafoetida was assessed against Caco cells using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe nyltetrazoliumbromide thiazolyl assay. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were assessed using CytellTM cell system. The total antioxidant (TA), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were also assessed. The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expressions were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.  \nRESULTS  \nThere was a significant increase in the cell number treated with F. assafoetida (53.85% ± 0.03%), and those treated with sodium butyrate (NaBT) (54.6% ± 0.10%)  \n WJEM  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 20, 2025  Volume 15  Issue 4   \nAbdelsalam HM et al. F. assafoetida inhibits CRC through JNK/MAPK activation  \nin sub-G1 phase, compared to the untreated cells (0.78% ± 0.03%, P \u003C 0.001) . Apoptosis was significantly increased in the Caco cells treated with F. assafoetida (49.1% ± 0.14%) compared to those treated with NaBT (27.3% ± 0.10%, P \u003C 0.001), and untreated cells (11.1% ± 0.02%, P \u003C 0.001) . DNA degradation was observed in Caco cells treated with F. assafoetida in a dose-dependent manner, where complete degradation occurred at the dose of IC50 (342.9 μg/mL) .  \nF. assafoetida induced a significant increase in the TA concentration and GSH, while a significant decrease in the MDA levels (P \u003C 0.001, for all) . Also, there was a significant increase in ALP activity in Caco cells (0.53 ± 0.26 U/mL) compared to the control cells (0.05 ± 0.02 U/mL, P = 0.045) . There was a significant upregulation of JNK and MAPK expression in Caco cells treated with F. assafoetida compared to the controls [2.59 ± 0.01 (P \u003C 0.001), and 3.62 ± 0.01 (P \u003C 0.001); respectively] .","cbCaigluDAb8roY1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigluDAb8roY1","pdf",7142494,16,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Aim\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Core Tip\n# Citation","[{\"question\":\"What is the main objective of this study on Ferula assafoetida?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate whether Ferula assafoetida can induce differentiation of colon cancer cells to function as normal cells.\"},{\"question\":\"How were cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle changes assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Cytotoxic effects were measured in Caco cells, while cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were assessed using CytellTM cell system.\"},{\"question\":\"What molecular pathway is evaluated in relation to differentiation and therapeutic potential?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates activation and expression of the JNK/MAPK signalling pathway, including JNK and MAPK gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR.\"}]","Ferula assafoetida induced colon cancer cells differentiation through JNK/MAPK signalling pathway activation - ORIGINAL ARTICLE - Basic Study | PDF",1790672006]