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A small corpus of dialogue was constructed from female villains, male villains, and female protagonists, with manual annotation of first- and second-person pronouns, verb conjugation, sentence-final elements, and gender-coded forms. Quantitative distribution comparisons were paired with qualitative analysis of marked forms, showing no fixed style comparable to established role languages. Instead, female villain speech shows intra-group variation through strategic mixing of feminine- and masculine-coded forms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/female-villain-language-gendered-patterns-explored-through-a-corpus-based-approach-to-role-language-research/137581/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/female-villain-language-gendered-patterns-explored-through-a-corpus-based-approach-to-role-language-research/137581.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Noah","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-20","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What research question does the thesis address about female villains’ speech?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The thesis investigates whether female villains in Japanese fictional dialogue use a distinct role language (yakuwarigo) with a characteristic speech style tied to social stereotypes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was the corpus constructed and annotated in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"An original small-scale corpus was built from dialogue of female villains, male villains, and female protagonists, manually annotated for features such as pronouns, verb conjugation, sentence-final elements, and gender-coded forms.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the results show about whether female villains have a fixed role language?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Female villains do not show a fixed, established speech style comparable to traditional role languages; their speech instead varies within the group and combines feminine- and masculine-coded forms strategically.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},137581,1787422149,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","Female Villain Language:  \nGendered Patterns Explored Through a Corpusbased Approach to Role Language Research  \nJahnesta Sjöberg  \nSupervisor: Shinichiro Ishihara  \nCentre for Language and Literature, Lund University MA in Language and Linguistics, Japanese  \nSPVR01 Language and Linguistics: Degree Project – Master's (Two Years) Thesis, 30 credits  \nJanuary 2026  \nAbstract  \nThis study examines the linguistic characteristics of the speech of female villains in Japanese fictional dialogue, with the aim of determining whether female villains employ a distinct role language or yakuwarigo, that is, a distinct speech style that indexes characterization based on social stereotypes. An original, small-scale corpus was constructed consisting of dialogue from female villains, male villains, and female protagonists (heroines) . Each group contains three characters drawn from films and television series with approximately 70-80 utterances per character. The corpus was manually annotated for linguistic features commonly associated with role language, including first- and second-person pronouns, verb conjugation, sentence-final elements, and gender-coded forms. Quantitative comparison of feature distributions across groups was complemented by qualitative analysis of marked forms.  \nThe results indicate that female villains do not exhibit a fixed speech style comparable to established role languages. Instead, female villain speech displays considerable intra-group variation and is characterized by a strategic combination of feminine-coded and masculine-coded forms. In particular, female villains avoid masculine forms in self-reference but adopt them frequently for second-person reference and occasionally for imperatives and negations. In contrast, male villains and heroines show more internally consistent patterns.  \nThese findings suggest that female villains do not constitute a distinct role language in the traditional sense but rather make flexible use of socially typified linguistic forms for characterization. On this basis, the study argues for a refinement of the conceptual framework of role language and proposes an approach that emphasizes dynamic indexicality and contextual interpretation of static form-category links, as inspired by gendered language research.  \nKeywords: role language, yakuwarigo, corpus-based  \nAcknowledgements  \nI would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone who has supported me in the creation of this thesis. If not for all of your support and inspiration, I could surely not have made it to the end.  \nFirst of all, I want to thank my supervisor, Shinichiro Ishihara, for providing me with guidance and support over the years ever since my thesis topic was just a fledgling idea. You have guided me with patience and encouragement, for which I cannot thank you enough.  \nI would also like to thank my peers at Lund University. Even if we have not spoken, you have all inspired me in different ways and I have greatly enjoyed seeing the variety of backgrounds, passions, and approaches. In particular, I want to express deep appreciation and respect for my friend, Daiya Kuryu, for always indulging me in discussion and giving sharp feedback. Thanks are also due to Chen Cheng for always being a supportive friend.  \nI am also grateful for my family, as they have never failed to encourage and support me, as well as shelter me and allow me to indulge in this academic endeavor.  \nFinally, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my partner, Wan Pui. Words cannot express how important you have been not just to the thesis writing process, but to my personal development. You have shown me what I am capable of, and I promise to never give up.  \nTable of contents  \nList of figures.....................................................................................................6  \nList of tables ......................................................................................................6  \nAbbreviations ......","cbCaiqXblMtsBEsr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqXblMtsBEsr","pdf",626569,53,"English","# Chapter 1 Introduction\n# Chapter 2 Background\n## 2.1 Role language\n## 2.2 Women’s speech\n# Chapter 3 Methodology\n## 3.1 Introduction\n## 3.2 Material\n## 3.3 Analysis","[{\"question\":\"What research question does the thesis address about female villains’ speech?\",\"answer\":\"The thesis investigates whether female villains in Japanese fictional dialogue use a distinct role language (yakuwarigo) with a characteristic speech style tied to social stereotypes.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the corpus constructed and annotated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"An original small-scale corpus was built from dialogue of female villains, male villains, and female protagonists, manually annotated for features such as pronouns, verb conjugation, sentence-final elements, and gender-coded forms.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about whether female villains have a fixed role language?\",\"answer\":\"Female villains do not show a fixed, established speech style comparable to traditional role languages; their speech instead varies within the group and combines feminine- and masculine-coded forms strategically.\"}]","Female Villain Language - Gendered Patterns Explored Through a Corpus-Based Approach to Role Language Research | PDF",134]