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Diagnosis remains difficult because clinical signs are non-specific and because feline enteric coronavirus and FIP-associated viruses must be reliably distinguished. Recent pharmacological advances now offer antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic possibilities, but no effective vaccine or definitive curative therapy exists. This review analyzes current diagnostic and treatment approaches and highlights strategies to improve outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/feline-infectious-peritonitis-a-challenging-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-labyrinth/469146/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/feline-infectious-peritonitis-a-challenging-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-labyrinth/469146.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) difficult to diagnose?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"FIP has non-specific clinical signs and it is challenging to differentiate the virulent mutated biotype from the two main coronavirus biotypes involved (FECV and FIPV). 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; [violetta.vasinioti@uniba.it](violetta.vasinioti@uniba.it) (V.I.V.);  \n[mariastella.lucente@uniba.it](mariastella.lucente@uniba.it) (M.S.L.); [cristiana.catella@uniba.it](cristiana.catella@uniba.it) (C.C.); [nicola.decaro@uniba.it](nicola.decaro@uniba.it) (N.D.);  \n[annamaria.pratelli@uniba.it](annamaria.pratelli@uniba.it) (A.P.); [paolo.capozza@uniba.it](paolo.capozza@uniba.it) (P.C.)  \n* Correspondence: [canio.buonavoglia@uniba.it](canio.buonavoglia@uniba.it)  \nSimple Summary  \nFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a serious and often fatal disease in cats caused by a feline coronavirus. However, not all infected cats will develop FIP, as the virus must undergo a mutation to transform into the highly virulent form responsible for the disease. Identifying the cats infected with the mutated feline coronavirus remains a major diagnostic challenge, and without treatment, affected cats have limited chances of survival. This study provides an overview of the available diagnostic approaches and the treatment options that have recently emerged due to scientific advancements.  \nAbstract  \nFeline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are ubiquitous pathogens, exhibiting high prevalence across feline populations worldwide. Although the virulent mutated biotype feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is observed in only a small percentage of cats, it causes a systemic and often fatal disease. Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is challenging due to its non-specific clinical signs and the difficulty in differentiating between the two biotypes, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and FPIV. Currently, veterinarians rely on a combination of diagnostic methods, integrating laboratory tests, anamnesis and clinical signs to improve the diagnostic accuracy of FIP. Once considered untreatable, FIP now benefits from recent pharmacological advances that suggest promising therapeutic options, including antiviral drugs and immunomodulatory therapies. Despite these developments, the lack of an effective vaccine and definitive curative treatment highlights the need for continued research. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on diagnostic and treatment approaches for FIP. The aim is to improve understanding of the available options and strategies for FIP to mitigate its severe consequences.  \nKeywords: feline coronavirus; FIP; diagnosis; treatment options  \n1. Introduction  \nFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was first described in 1966 [1], and since then, it has been reported in the feline population worldwide. It is a progressive systemic viral disease characterized by high mortality rates and remains one of the most challenging diseases in cats [2] . FIP typically infects young cats, particularly those under two years of age, and its transmission is favored in multi-cat environments. Although it primarily affects domestic cats, several cases have also been detected in wild felids [3–5] .  \nThe causative agent of FIP is the hypervirulent form of the feline coronavirus (FCoV), an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus 1 [6] . In detail, FCoV, based on its pathogenic potential, occurs in two biotypes: the most common and avirulent feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and the highly","cbCaiia7fpd1FW1Y","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiia7fpd1FW1Y","pdf",428069,18,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) difficult to diagnose?\",\"answer\":\"FIP has non-specific clinical signs and it is challenging to differentiate the virulent mutated biotype from the two main coronavirus biotypes involved (FECV and FIPV). Current practice relies on integrating laboratory tests with history and clinical signs to improve accuracy.\"},{\"question\":\"What causes FIP in cats?\",\"answer\":\"FIP results from the virulent mutated form of feline coronavirus (FIPV). The disease is linked to mutations that transform a more avirulent form into a highly virulent biotype that can drive systemic infection.\"},{\"question\":\"Are there treatment options for FIP, and what limitations remain?\",\"answer\":\"Recent advances suggest promising therapies, including antiviral drugs and immunomodulatory treatments. However, the review notes the lack of an effective vaccine and the absence of a definitive curative treatment, supporting the need for further research.\"}]","Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Challenging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Labyrinth | PDF",1790775161,45]