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Drawing on UNICEF’s framing of failing food environments, it links shifts in calorie consumption to rising childhood overweight and obesity in high-income countries and growing rates in low- and middle-income settings. It details marketing tactics that target children and adolescents, describes mechanisms comparable to tobacco industry strategies, and argues that obesogenic environments in early life help drive non-communicable 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overweight and obesity  \nNick Spencer  , 1 Raul Gerardo Mercer  ,2 Luis Rajmil  ,3 Lori Lake,4,5 Olaf Kraus de Camargo  ,6 Thecla Ezeonu,7,8 Oladele Simeon Olatunya  ,9,10 Lulu Oguda, 11 Artemis Tsitsika, 12 Azusa Iwamoto, 13 Peter Rohloff 14,15  \nINTRODUCTION  \nUNICEF has published a report entitled Feeding Profit: how food environments are failing children.1 Since the 1970s, the food environment in high-income countries (HICs) has undergone change with children’s increasing calorie consumption driving a rise in prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood.2 Among HICs, this increase has been most marked in the USA where it has increased from 15% in 19722 to a plateau of around 40% in 2022, whereas during the same period, rates in other HICs plateaued around 30%.1 Rates in low- and middle-income  \n1Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 2Social Sciences and Health, FLACSO Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina  \n3Retired Paediatrician, Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain 4Department of Paediatrics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa  \n5Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa  \n6CanChild Centre for Childhood-Onset Disability Research, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada  \n7Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria 8Institute of Child Health, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria  \n9Paediatrics, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria  \n10Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria 11Department of Paediatrics, Lilis Medical, Nairobi, Kenya  \n12Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece  \n13Division of Public Relation and Communications, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan 14Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 15Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA  \nCorrespondence to Dr Nick Spencer; N.J. Spencer@ [warwick.ac.uk](warwick.ac.uk)  \ncountries (LMICs) have increased and show the most dramatic rise in rates such that globally, overweight/obesity has replaced underweight as the dominant form of malnutrition in children.1  \nTHE COMMERCIAL DETERMINANTS OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH  \nThe UNICEF report1 contributes to the literature on commercial determinants of health, a concept developed by Kickbusch et al3 and expanded in a Lancet series.4 It details the marketing strategies by which the food and drinks industry (FDI) drives children’s food choices influencing their food-related behaviours.1 2 Financial interests of the FDI are huge; the global children’s beverages market was valued at around US$200.95 billion in 2022 and projected to reach US$243.01 billion by 2030.5 Vast profits are generated by marketing nutrition-poor, hyperpalatable, ultraprocessed foods and drinks, high in sugar, fats and salt, that induce a desire for more.6 The marketing targets children and adolescents with product placement, television (TV) and social media advertisements, digital games using cartoon characters as well as marketing directly in schools. The industry has a financial investment in creating overweight. From 1970 to 2011, average food and drinks consumption among US children increased by 200 kcal/ day at an added cost of more than $400 per year/child. This translates to an estimated cost of excess food consumption of $20 billion/year which, carried forward through adulthood, creates a market worth over $60 billion/year.2  \nThe FDI uses its vast resour","cbCaihvwfxIOvqom","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihvwfxIOvqom","pdf",335641,"English","# Introduction\n# The commercial determinants of child and adolescent health\n# The role of obesogenic environments in the early stages of life as a point of departure for non-communicable diseases","[{\"question\":\"What does UNICEF’s Feeding Profit focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on how food environments are failing children and how these environments contribute to rising childhood overweight and obesity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the food and drinks industry influence children’s dietary choices?\",\"answer\":\"The industry uses marketing strategies such as product placement, television and social media ads, digital games with cartoon characters, and school-based promotions to steer children’s food-related behaviors.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are childhood overweight and obesity considered an early source of non-communicable diseases?\",\"answer\":\"The report describes how childhood overweight and obesity can induce precursors such as high blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and abnormal blood lipid levels, which later contribute to conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers.\"}]","Feeding Profit: how the food and drinks industry (FDI) is one of the key drivers of the global epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity | PDF",1790730946]