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The report also summarizes economic rationales and highlights that in 2018 federal investment totaled $492 billion, about 12% of federal spending and 2% of GDP.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/federal-investment-1962-to-2018/583536/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/federal-investment-1962-to-2018/583536.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jacob","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What categories of investment does the report use?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The report groups federal investment into three categories: physical capital, research and development (R&D), and education and training.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the report define federal fiscal years and spending?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Federal fiscal years run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. Unless otherwise indicated, federal spending refers to outlays.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What change affects how R&D investment is measured starting in 2017?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Beginning in 2017, values for R&D reflect a new definition of development used by OMB, narrowing what is included. As a result, defense R&D outlays were $25 billion lower in 2017 than under the previous definition.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},583536,1792062583,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Federal Investment, 1962 to 2018  \n© Gubin Yury, Nattapat.J, [Silatip/Shutterstock.com](Silatip/Shutterstock.com)  \nJune 2019  \nnotes  \nNumbers in this document may not add up to totals because of rounding.  \nUnless otherwise indicated, the years referred to in this document are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. Dollar values are expressed in 2018 dollars, adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using the gross domestic product price index of the Bureau of Economic Analysis.  \nUnless otherwise indicated, the term federal spending refers to outlays.  \nUnless otherwise indicated, values for federal investment do not include investment in higher education through student loan programs.  \nStarting in 2017, values for investment in research and development reflect a new definition of development. That new definition, now used by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), better aligns with data collected by the National Science Foundation and with international standards. Development is now defined more narrowly; it does not include demonstrations of systems for a specific use, nor does it include nonexperimental work on a product or system before that product or system goes into full production. Because of the new definition, research and development outlays for defense (and any aggregate outlays in which they were included) were $25 billion lower in 2017 than they were under OMB’s previous definition. Data from 2016 and earlier reflect the earlier, broader definition of development.  \nThis report updates an earlier report, which includes detailed descriptions ofthe sources and methods for the exhibits that have been updated here. See Congressional Budget Office, Federal Investment (December 2013), www.cbo.gov/publication/44974 .  \n[www.cbo.gov/publication/55375](www.cbo.gov/publication/55375)  \nContents  \nIntroduction and Summary 1  \nHow Does the Federal Government Support Investment? 2  \nWhat Does the Federal Government Invest In? 3  \nHow Does the Federal Government Account for Investment? 4  \nWhat Are the Benefits of Federal Investment? 5  \nFederal Investment 7  \nExhibits 1–5  \nFederal nondefense Investment 13  \nExhibits 6–13  \nFederal, State, Local, and Private Investment 22  \nExhibits 14–17  \nAppendix: Sources and Methods 27  \nRelated Work by the Congressional Budget Office 28  \nAbout This Document 30  \nList of exhibits  \nFederal Investment 7  \n1. Federal Investment, 2018 8  \n2. Federal Nondefense and Defense Investment, 2018 9  \n3. Federal Investment as a Share of Total Federal Spending, 2018 10  \n4. Federal Nondefense and Defense Investment, 1962 to 2018 11  \n5. Federal Nondefense and Defense Investment Relative to the Budget, 1962 to 2018 12 Federal nondefense Investment 13  \n6. Categories of Federal Nondefense Investment, 1962 to 2018 14  \n7. Share of Federal Nondefense Investment Provided as Grants to State and Local Governments, 2018 15  \n8. Grants to State and Local Governments as a Share of Each Category  \nof Federal Nondefense Investment, 1962 to 2018 16  \n9. Education and Training: Federal Nondefense Investment by Activity, 1962 to 2018 17  \n10. Education and Training: Federal Nondefense Investment by Activity, 2018 18  \n11. Physical Capital: Federal Nondefense Investment by Budget Function, 2018 19  \n12. Research and Development: Federal Nondefense Investment by Budget Function, 1962 to 2018 20  \n13. Federal Investment in Various Stages of Research and Development, 2016 21 Federal, State, Local, and Private Investment 22  \n14. Education: Sources of Revenue for Elementary and Secondary Schools  \nand Postsecondary Institutions, 2015–2016 Academic Year 23  \n15. Transportation Infrastructure: Sources of Nondefense Investment, 1962 to 2017 24  \n16. Water Infrastructure: Sources of Nondefense Investment, 1962 to 2017 25  \n17. Research and Development: Sources of Investment, 1962 to 2016 26  \nIntroduction and Summary  \nThe federal ","cbCaig65I0Ng5M3C","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig65I0Ng5M3C","pdf",1336829,34,"English","# Introduction and Summary\n## How Does the Federal Government Support Investment?\n## What Does the Federal Government Invest In?\n## How Does the Federal Government Account for Investment?\n## What Are the Benefits of Federal Investment?\n## Federal Investment\n## Federal nondefense Investment\n## Federal, State, Local, and Private Investment\n## Appendix: Sources and Methods\n## Related Work by the Congressional Budget Office\n## About This Document","[{\"question\":\"What categories of investment does the report use?\",\"answer\":\"The report groups federal investment into three categories: physical capital, research and development (R\\u0026D), and education and training.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report define federal fiscal years and spending?\",\"answer\":\"Federal fiscal years run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. Unless otherwise indicated, federal spending refers to outlays.\"},{\"question\":\"What change affects how R\\u0026D investment is measured starting in 2017?\",\"answer\":\"Beginning in 2017, values for R\\u0026D reflect a new definition of development used by OMB, narrowing what is included. As a result, defense R\\u0026D outlays were $25 billion lower in 2017 than under the previous definition.\"}]","Federal Investment, 1962 to 2018 | PDF",1792047589,86]