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The markers were measured in neurons from multiple brain regions—middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, head of caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and inferior parietal lobule—using autopsy material from AD patients. Results were compared with elderly and young controls and correlated with amyloid aggregate distribution. Findings indicate region-spanning, uniform metabolic-process alterations that can inform AD pathogenesis and support targeted therapy development.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/features-of-mitochondrial-dynamics-in-different-brain-parts-of-patients-with-alzheimers-disease/461862/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/features-of-mitochondrial-dynamics-in-different-brain-parts-of-patients-with-alzheimers-disease/461862.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Olivia Brown","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which mitochondrial dynamics markers were analyzed in Alzheimer’s disease?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examined Opa-1, Mfn-2, and Drp-1 as mitochondrial dynamics markers in neurons.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the brain regions selected for comparison?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Markers were analyzed in neurons from several specific regions, and comparisons were made with corresponding regions from elderly and young patients using autopsy material.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What was the relationship between mitochondrial marker changes and amyloid pathology?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Changes in the mitochondrial markers in AD were correlated with the distribution of pathological amyloid aggregates across the corresponding regions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461862,1790790771,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},16904993612988,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Article  \nFeatures of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Different Brain Parts of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease  \nVladimir S. Sukhorukov 1,2, Tatiana I. Baranich 1,2,*, Olga V. Velts 1,2, Dmitry N. Voronkov 1, Ekaterina V. Shcherbak 3, Dmitry S. Lazarev 2, Dmitry A. Kharlamov 4 and Alexandr P. Raksha 3  \nAcademic Editor: Raffaella Isola  \nReceived: 2 November 2025  \nRevised: 24 November 2025  \nAccepted: 19 December 2025  \nPublished: 22 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia; [vsukhorukov@gmail.com](vsukhorukov@gmail.com) (V.S.S.)  \n2 Department of Morphology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117513 Moscow, Russia  \n3 Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1, 119049 Moscow, Russia  \n4 Voyno-Yasenetsky Scientific and Practical Center of Specialized Medical Care for Children,  \n119620 Moscow, Russia  \n* [Correspondence: baranich_tatyana@mail.ru](Correspondence: baranich_tatyana@mail.ru)  \nAbstract  \nA number of recent studies have demonstrated the importance of investigating mitochondrial dynamics mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) . This study involved an immunohistochemical analysis of mitochondrial dynamics markers Opa-1, Mfn-2, and Drp-1 in neurons of the middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, head of the caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and inferior parietal lobule using autopsy material from AD patients. The comparison was made with similar brain regions in autopsy material from elderly and young patients. Additionally, changes in these markers in AD were correlated with the distribution of pathological amyloid aggregates in the corresponding regions. Our findings suggest specific features of metabolic process alterations in neurons in AD, which are not limited to a single brain region but involve multiple areas and exhibit a uniform pattern. Our data are significant for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and aging in general, and may serve as a basis for developing targeted therapy for AD.  \nKeywords: Alzheimer’s disease; aging; neuron; mitochondrial dynamics; amyloid; hippocampus  \n1. Introduction  \nAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that most commonly affects individuals over 65 years of age. According to the WHO, Alzheimer’s disease represents the most prevalent form of dementia, accounting for approximately 60–70% of patients with this condition. WHO estimates indicate that over 55 million people worldwide have dementia (8.1% of women and 5.4% of men aged over 65) . This figure is projected to rise to 78 million by 2030 and 139 million by 2050 . As evidenced, the development of pharmacological therapies for AD faces numerous challenges associated with drug inefficacy and atypical patient responses to these agents [1–3], necessitating comprehensive investigation of fundamental biological processes underlying AD progression to advance pathogenetic understanding and identify novel targets for targeted therapies.  \nA key feature of AD is the heterogeneity in the manifestation of pathological processes, their onset, and progression across different regions of the brain. Anatomical and histological studies of AD patients’ brains have demonstrated that neurodegenerative  \nprocesses originate in layer II of the entorhinal cortex and gradually spread to the hippocampus, temporal cortex, frontoparietal cortex, and subcortical nuclei [4] . At later stages, the disruption of connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions results in cognitive impairments [5–7] . It has been hypothesized that the disconnection between the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus underlies memory processing deficits [8] . Notably, AD is associated with a significant reduction in ","cbCaig1K22RtGkuo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig1K22RtGkuo","pdf",3553115,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Alzheimer’s disease overview and epidemiology\n## Regional heterogeneity of pathological progression\n## Pathomorphological hallmarks\n## Mitochondrial dynamics and their regulatory proteins","[{\"question\":\"Which mitochondrial dynamics markers were analyzed in Alzheimer’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined Opa-1, Mfn-2, and Drp-1 as mitochondrial dynamics markers in neurons.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the brain regions selected for comparison?\",\"answer\":\"Markers were analyzed in neurons from several specific regions, and comparisons were made with corresponding regions from elderly and young patients using autopsy material.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the relationship between mitochondrial marker changes and amyloid pathology?\",\"answer\":\"Changes in the mitochondrial markers in AD were correlated with the distribution of pathological amyloid aggregates across the corresponding regions.\"}]","Features of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Different Brain Parts of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease | PDF",1790762622]