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A software demonstration tested with 30+ participants shows 34.7% average time saving and 68.6% error reduction versus hard-copy manuals, with additional comparisons to related AR applications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fast-augmented-reality-authoring-fast-creation-of-ar-step-by-step-procedures-for-maintenance-operations/661966/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fast-augmented-reality-authoring-fast-creation-of-ar-step-by-step-procedures-for-maintenance-operations/661966.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the paper target in AR for maintenance operations?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It targets the content-related limitations of current AR research for MRO, rather than only hardware or recognition issues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the Fast Augmented Reality Authoring (FARA) method work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"FARA uses a geometry-based method that assumes AR can recognize and track objects in a maintenance environment when CAD models are available, supporting authoring of step-by-step AR procedures.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What results did the authors observe compared with traditional hard-copy manuals?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The evaluation reported an average time saving of 34.7% (min 24.7%, max 55.3%) and an error reduction of 68.6% versus hard-copy manuals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},661966,1793191629,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":36},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","City Research Online  \nCity St George’s, University of London  \nCitation: Palmarini, R. , Fernandez del Amo, I., Aariansyah, D. , Khan, S. , Ahmet Erkoyuncu, J. & Roy, R. (2023) . Fast Augmented Reality Authoring: Fast Creation of AR step-by-step Procedures for Maintenance Operations. IEEE Access, 11, pp.  \n8407-8421. doi: 10. 1109/ACCESS.2023.3235871 This is the published version of the paper.  \nThis version of the publication may differ from the final published version. To cite this item please consult the publisher's version.  \nPermanent repository link: [https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/29514/](https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/29514/)[ ](https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/29514/)Link to published version: [https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3235871](https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3235871)  \n[Copyright and Reuse:](Copyright and Reuse: Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author)[ Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author](Copyright and Reuse: Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author)([s](s)) and/or copyright holders. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, unless otherwise indicated, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. For full details of reuse please refer to City Research Online policy.  \nCity Research Online:  [http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/](http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/  publications@citystgeorges.ac.uk)[ ](http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/  publications@citystgeorges.ac.uk)[ publications@citystgeorges.ac.uk](http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/  publications@citystgeorges.ac.uk)  \nReceived 19 December 2022, accepted 30 December 2022, date of publication 24 January 2023, date of current version 27 January 2023. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3235871  \nFast Augmented Reality Authoring: Fast Creation of AR Step-by-Step Procedures for Maintenance Operations  \nRICCARDO PALMARINI 1, IÑIGO FERNÁNDEZ DEL AMO 1, DEDY ARIANSYAH 1, SAMIR KHAN 1,(Member, IEEE), JOHN AHMET ERKOYUNCU1,  \nAND RAJKUMAR ROY2  \n1Cranfield Manufacturing, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, U.K.  \n2 School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, EC1V 0HB London, U.K.  \nCorresponding author: John Ahmet Erkoyuncu ([j.a.erkoyuncu@cranfield.ac.uk](j.a.erkoyuncu@cranfield.ac.uk))  \nThis work was supported in part by the High-Speed Sustainable Manufacturing Institute (HSSMI), and in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) by the Project ‘‘Digi-TOP’’ under Grant EP/R032718/1 .  \nThis work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by Cranfield University.  \nABSTRACT Augmented Reality (AR) has shown great potential for improving human performance in Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) operations. Whilst most studies are currently being carried out atan academic level, the research is still in its infancy due to limitations in three main aspects: limited hardware capabilities, the robustness of object recognition, and content-related issues. This article focuses on the last point, by proposing a new geometry-based method for creating a step-by-step AR procedure for maintenance activities. The Fast Augmented Reality Authoring (FARA) method assumes that AR can recognise and track all the objects in a maintenance environment when CAD models are available, to knowledge transfer to anon-expert maintainer. The novelty here lies in the fact that FARA is a human-centric method for authoring animation-based procedures with minimal programming skills and the manual effort required. FARA has been demonstrated, as a software unit, in an AR system composed of commercial","cbCailRVpAL1LUpW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailRVpAL1LUpW","pdf",1859678,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Index Terms\n# I. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper target in AR for maintenance operations?\",\"answer\":\"It targets the content-related limitations of current AR research for MRO, rather than only hardware or recognition issues.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the Fast Augmented Reality Authoring (FARA) method work?\",\"answer\":\"FARA uses a geometry-based method that assumes AR can recognize and track objects in a maintenance environment when CAD models are available, supporting authoring of step-by-step AR procedures.\"},{\"question\":\"What results did the authors observe compared with traditional hard-copy manuals?\",\"answer\":\"The evaluation reported an average time saving of 34.7% (min 24.7%, max 55.3%) and an error reduction of 68.6% versus hard-copy manuals.\"}]","Fast Augmented Reality Authoring - Fast Creation of AR Step-by-Step Procedures for Maintenance Operations | PDF"]