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shortage?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The report attributes the shortage to a set of interlocking factors including education attainment changes, uneven K–12 preparation, lower college enrollment and completion, declining labor-force participation among less-educated workers, restrictive immigration policies, and increasing use of generative AI.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which occupations are expected to be most affected?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Shortages are expected in critical occupations that require a bachelor’s degree or higher (such as managers, teachers, nurses, accountants/auditors, engineers, attorneys, and physicians) and in key roles that do not primarily require a bachelor’s degree (such as driver/sales workers and truck drivers, and construction workers).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What solutions does the report recommend to address skills shortages?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Recommendations include increasing labor-force participation, addressing attainment gaps by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, studying skills-based hiring expansion, using technology to boost productivity, and leveraging immigration policy to increase the supply of skills.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},585127,1792191172,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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\nMadeleine Adelson  \nJeff Strohl  \n2025   \nReprint Permission  \nThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.  \nYou are free to share (copy and redistribute in any medium or format) or adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) this material under the following license terms:  \nAttribution  \nYou must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were  made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests that the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce endorses you or your use.  \nNoncommercial  \nYou may not use the material for commercial purposes.  \nShareAlike  \nIf you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.  \nNo additional restrictions  \nYou may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.  \nThis summary is not a substitute for the full legal text of the license. To view the full legal text, visit [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0](creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)[/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).  \nOur suggested citation for this material is:  \nNicole Smith, Martin Van Der Werf, Madeleine Adelson, and Jeff Strohl. Falling Behind: How Skills Shortages Threaten Future Jobs. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, [2025.](2025. cew.georgetown.edu/skills-shortages)[ ](2025. cew.georgetown.edu/skills-shortages)[cew.georgetown.edu/skills-shortages](2025. cew.georgetown.edu/skills-shortages).  \nPlease email [cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu](cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu) with any questions or to share your adaptations of this material.  \nAcknowledgments  \nWe would like to express our gratitude to JPMorganChase for the generous support that made this report possible.  \nWe would also like to extend our sincere appreciation to Anthony P. Carnevale, the founding director of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, for his leadership and guidance in this work.  \nThe staff of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce was instrumental in the production of this report from conception to publication. In particular, we would like to thank  \n• Artem Gulish, Zachary Mabel, and Emma Nyhof McLeod for qualitative and quantitative feedback;  \n• Ban Cheah for data analysis;  \n• Kathryn Peltier Campbell and Irene Koo for editorial and qualitative feedback; and  \n• Katherine Hazelrigg, Fan Zhang, Johnna Guillerman, and Maryam Noor for communications efforts, including design development and public relations.  \nMany others contributed their thoughts and feedback throughout the production of this report. We especially are grateful to our talented designers and editorial advisors, whose efforts were vital to thereport’s successful completion. Finally, we thank Lumina Foundation and the Gates Foundation for supporting prior work that informed this research.  \nThe views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of JPMorganChase or any ofits officers or employees. All errors and omissions are the responsibility of the authors.  \nContents  \nIntroduction 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 1  \nPart 1􀀮 What Is Causing the Skills Shortage? 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 􀀮 5  \nThe skills shortage results from a set of complex intertwining factors........ 7  \nFewer young Americans with postsecondary attainment than older educated Americans exiting the workforce ........................... 7  \nGrowing demand from employers for higher educational attainment among workers . 8  \nUneven improvements in K–12 graduation rates and ","cbCaimwMeUxxksKg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimwMeUxxksKg","pdf",2081971,"English","# Introduction\n# Part 1 - What Is Causing the Skills Shortage?\n## The skills shortage results from a set of complex intertwining factors\n## Fewer young Americans with postsecondary attainment than older educated Americans exiting the workforce\n## Growing demand from employers for higher educational attainment among workers\n## Uneven improvements in K–12 graduation rates and declining academic preparation for college\n## Declining college enrollment and low completion rates among the fastest-growing population groups\n## Declining labor-force participation rates that are more pronounced for workers with lower levels of educational attainment\n## Increasingly restrictive immigration policies\n## The increasing use of generative artificial intelligence\n# Part 2 - What Kinds of Occupations Will Be Particularly Affected by the Skills Shortage?\n## Shortages are expected in several critical occupations that primarily require workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher\n## Managers\n## Teachers\n## Nurses\n## Accountants and auditors\n## Engineers\n## Attorneys\n## Physicians\n## Shortages are expected in some key occupations that primarily don’t require a bachelor’s degree\n## Driver/sales workers and truck drivers\n## Construction workers\n# Part 3 - What Can We Do to Help Resolve Skills Shortages?\n## Increase the labor-force participation rate\n## Address persistent attainment gaps by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status\n## Study the expansion of skills-based hiring\n## Use technology to increase productivity\n## Use the immigration system to increase the supply of skills\n# Part 4 - Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What are the main drivers behind the skills shortage?\",\"answer\":\"The report attributes the shortage to a set of interlocking factors including education attainment changes, uneven K–12 preparation, lower college enrollment and completion, declining labor-force participation among less-educated workers, restrictive immigration policies, and increasing use of generative AI.\"},{\"question\":\"Which occupations are expected to be most affected?\",\"answer\":\"Shortages are expected in critical occupations that require a bachelor’s degree or higher (such as managers, teachers, nurses, accountants/auditors, engineers, attorneys, and physicians) and in key roles that do not primarily require a bachelor’s degree (such as driver/sales workers and truck drivers, and construction workers).\"},{\"question\":\"What solutions does the report recommend to address skills shortages?\",\"answer\":\"Recommendations include increasing labor-force participation, addressing attainment gaps by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, studying skills-based hiring expansion, using technology to boost productivity, and leveraging immigration policy to increase the supply of skills.\"}]","Falling Behind - How Skills Shortages Threaten Future Jobs | PDF",1792053766,176]