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Using an experimental economics approach, five-year-old children make distributive choices in a stakeholder (dictator) game and a spectator game under luck, merit, and efficiency conditions. Results indicate a general preference for equal splitting between self and another. Fairness preference varies by gender in luck conditions, and only children are more likely to accept unequal allocations than children with siblings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fairness-preference-of-preschoolers-and-the-effects-of-family-background-in-china/601429/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fairness-preference-of-preschoolers-and-the-effects-of-family-background-in-china/601429.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the purpose of the study on preschoolers’ fairness preferences?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examines how five-year-old children in Shanghai distribute resources in stakeholder and spectator games and whether these behaviors are linked to family background.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were fairness preference and inequity acceptance measured?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Children made distributive choices in two experiments: a dictator game where they split between themselves and another, and a spectator game where they distributed under luck, merit, and efficiency conditions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main findings were observed about children’s fairness preference?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Preschoolers preferred equal splitting in general. In the spectator game, fairness preference differed significantly under luck across genders, and only children were more likely to accept unequal allocation than those with siblings.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601429,1792231279,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Fairness Preference of Preschoolers and the Effects of Family Background in China  \nZhongjing Huang (黄忠敬)  \nEast China Normal University Lan Shi (石岚) Tsinghua University Jie Wu (吴洁)  \nNanjing University of Information Science and Technology  \nECNU Review of Education 2023, Vol. 6(3) 367–384 © The Author(s) 2023 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/20965311221149039](DOI: 10.1177/20965311221149039)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/20965311221149039)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: This study investigates the fairness preference of five-year-old children in Shanghai, observing their distributive behaviors in both stakeholder and spectator games and showing how this behavior is linked to their family background.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: Participants had to make distributive choices in two experiments and distribute between themselves and another participant in the first choice. They had to distribute between two other participants in luck, merit, or efficiency situations in the second choice. Findings: The results suggest that preschoolers showed a preference for splitting equally between themselves and another participant. The second choice showed a significant difference in fairness preference under a situation of luck between genders, and only children were more likely to accept an unequal allocation than those who had siblings.  \nOriginality/Value: We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it illustrates the variety of factors that can influence a child’s fairness preference and fairness behavior and suggests when and how these aspects develop in children. Further, this is an  \nCorresponding author:  \nZhongjing Huang, Department of Education, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.  \nEmail: zjhuang@dedu.ecnu.edu.cn  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \noriginal study exploring the fairness preference of preschoolers in Shanghai using an experimental economics method.  \nKeywords  \nChina, family background, fairness preference, preschoolers Date received: 7 March 2022; revised: 31 May 2022; accepted: 6 June 2022 Introduction  \nFairness is crucial for maintaining relationships and advancing social collaboration. People show anaversion to unfairness and are willing to pay to reduce the difference (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2004) . Research indicates that a sense of fairness emerges in the early stages of children’s development; as they grow older, they develop an increasing concern for fairness (Gordon-Hecker et al., 2022; Shaw et al., 2014) . Children’s fairness view fundamentally affects the development of their social behaviors, such as sharing and cooperation (Fehr et al., 2008) .  \nHowever, the development of fairness preferences during childhood remains inconclusive. Research shows that three-year-old children already understand fairness, but their understanding of fairness does not lead to consistently fair behavior (Bernhard et al., 2020). Some studies have found that, in the dictator game, children between the ages of four and six years would strictly follow equal distributions of resources between themselves and others (Blake & McAuliffe, 2011). Several studies have found that four- to six-year-old children behave in a more self-centered manner; however, although they would like to share some reso","cbCaivOletdS4Spb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivOletdS4Spb","pdf",1014211,18,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Design/Approach/Methods\n## Findings\n## Originality/Value\n# Introduction\n## Background on fairness development\n## Existing findings and gaps\n# Methods and research questions\n## Distribution games and variables\n## Research questions","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of the study on preschoolers’ fairness preferences?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines how five-year-old children in Shanghai distribute resources in stakeholder and spectator games and whether these behaviors are linked to family background.\"},{\"question\":\"How were fairness preference and inequity acceptance measured?\",\"answer\":\"Children made distributive choices in two experiments: a dictator game where they split between themselves and another, and a spectator game where they distributed under luck, merit, and efficiency conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"What main findings were observed about children’s fairness preference?\",\"answer\":\"Preschoolers preferred equal splitting in general. In the spectator game, fairness preference differed significantly under luck across genders, and only children were more likely to accept unequal allocation than those with siblings.\"}]","Fairness Preference of Preschoolers and the Effects of Family Background in China | PDF",1792092597,45]