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Cheah  \nSchool of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM Penang, Malaysia  \nORCID: 0000-0002-6012-5660  \nReceived: 9 Mar 2020 Accepted: 29 Apr 2020  \nAbstract  \nThis paper reviews the literature relating to the factors that contribute to the difficulties in learning of computer programming. Programming has been a difficult subject to learn and master even at the early stage of education. It has been a global problem and continues to worsen at the local level. Although, there are many education tools available to complement the teaching and learning of computer programming. The problem persists until present day. Even at the initial stage of computer introduction courses, there were high failure rates and high drop out. One of the rationalism behind this scenario is from the students’ lack of problem solving abilities. However, the problem does not only lie within the students’ level of efficacy. It involves the effective use of teaching and learning material as well. Therefore, the focus of this review is on the factors concerning the students learning method and the effectiveness of the teaching material. Based on plethora of literature review, it is vital that these two aspects need tobe consider simultaneously to overcome the difficulties of learning computer programming. A much more comprehensive, effective and universal teaching and learning tools need to be design to address the severity of this problem.  \nKeywords: computer programming, difficulties in programming, phases of programming, teaching materials  \nINTRODUCTION  \nGlobally, programming has been a universal problem in the computer science curriculum. It has high dropout and failure rates even do at the initial stage of computer introduction courses (Luxton-Reilly, 2016; Robins, Rountree, & Rountree, 2003) . Many tools are available that can assist the teaching and learning of programming but, the problems remain unresolved. In terms of students’ aspect, many of them lack problemsolving abilities (Bosse & Gerosa, 2017; Gomes & Mendes, 2007; Robins, 2019; Savage & Piwek, 2019) . Programming is a complex subject that requires continuous effort, special approach and multi-layer skill. The process of obtaining these skills is a tedious trial-and-error process and persistency (Jiau, Chen, & Ssu, 2009) . Series of abilities and persistency is needed to become a good programmer and knowing the syntax of programming is just the beginning of a challenging aspect of creating a good program. Students need to understand beyond the syntax and flow of computer programming in order to resolve complex real-world problem (Bosse & Gerosa, 2017) .  \nPast research has shown that higher-level knowledge of ‘when’ and ‘why’ from the metacognitive skills is needed during the early stage of programming education (Ismail, Ngah, & Umar, 2010b) . Besides that, static teaching material such as printed books were ineffective as teaching material for learning the dynamic nature of programming (Bennedsen & Caspersen, 2005; Jenkins, 2002) . In terms of pedagogy, the programming  \nlanguage chosen should be less complex (Gomes & Mendes, 2007) . Moreover, students’ negative perception influences students’ attitudes toward learning computer programming. Thus, it impaired the intrinsic motivation of the students to continue learning for success (Ng & Bereiter, 1991; Qian & Lehman, 2017; Robins, 2019) .  \nREVIEW METHOD  \nTo obtain a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the factors that contribute to the difficulties in teaching and learning of computer programming, the literature searching went through rigorous steps to ensure quality and accurate information we found. Online databases such as EBSCOhost, Eric, ProQuest, SAGE, ScienceDirect, and Taylor & Francis we searched as they were a reliable source of channels in providing educational literature in ","cbCainqaGwwieLEK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainqaGwwieLEK","pdf",454539,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Students’ learning challenges\n## Pedagogical and motivational factors\n# Review Method\n# Overview","[{\"question\":\"What does the literature review focus on regarding computer programming education?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on factors contributing to difficulties in learning programming, especially students’ learning methods and the effectiveness of teaching materials.\"},{\"question\":\"According to the review, why do students struggle to learn programming?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights students’ limited problem-solving abilities and weaker metacognitive skills, which affect their ability to understand concepts and solve programming problems.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review suggest instruction should be improved?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes teaching higher-level knowledge such as programming strategy and conditional approaches, supported by more effective and comprehensive teaching and learning tools.\"}]","Factors Contributing to the Difficulties in Teaching and Learning of Computer Programming - Literature Review | PDF",1792089833,35]