[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-405762-105":59,"doc-detail-405762-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","extracellular-vesicles-in-viral-disease-management","Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management","","Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are non-replicating lipid-bilayer bodies naturally released by cells, supporting cell-to-cell communication and mirroring the composition of their origin. Shared mechanisms such as ESCRT help EVs influence viral dispersion and infection. This review synthesizes studies on EV-based diagnosis and therapeutics, emphasizing EV biomarker changes, source-dependent innate antiviral defenses, and their advantages and limits relative to existing antivirals. By addressing EV-associated challenges, EVs may enable safer, more specific alternatives to low-specificity, high-toxicity antiviral drugs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/extracellular-vesicles-in-viral-disease-management/405762/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/extracellular-vesicles-in-viral-disease-management/405762.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What role do extracellular vesicles play in viral disease management?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"EVs are naturally released lipid-bilayer structures that can contribute to cell-to-cell communication and can influence viral dispersion and infection. Virus-infected hosts release EVs with biomarker changes and source-dependent innate antiviral defense potential.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why are current antiviral chemotherapeutics considered limited?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The document notes disadvantages such as narrow targetability, the emergence of drug-resistant strains due to mutation, limited effectiveness against latent viruses, and issues with low bioavailability and added toxicity from higher required dosages.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do EVs compare with existing antivirals in terms of diagnostics and therapy?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"EV biomarkers can be used diagnostically because levels in EVs shift after infection. Therapeutically, EVs may reduce toxicity, increase bioavailability and selectivity, and support antiviral responses, potentially offering alternatives to drugs with low specificity and high toxicity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},405762,1790718375,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Current Research in Microbial Sciences 10 (2026) 100527  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nCurrent Research in Microbial Sciences  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-research-in-microbial-sciences)[ www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-research-in-microbial-sciences](homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-research-in-microbial-sciences)  \n| Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management\u003Cbr>*\u003Cbr>Fatima Safeer , Thokur Sreepathy Murali \u003Cbr>Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords: Extracellular vesicle Viral disease Markers\u003Cbr>Exosome Anti-viral COVID-19\u003Cbr>AIDS\u003Cbr>Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) |  | Introduction/Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are non-replicating lipid-bilayered bodies that are naturally released by a cell that aid in various biological functions including cell-to-cell communication. They resemble the cells that they originate from, mimicking their composition and contents. The shared Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) mechanism between virions and EVs allows EVs to aid in the dispersion and infection of viruses.\u003Cbr>Scope/Objectives: The aim of this review is to encapsulate important studies that highlight the potential use of EVsin diagnosis and therapeutics against viral diseases. It also discusses their benefits and limitations compared to currently available anti-virals, for their use in the medical sector.\u003Cbr>Summary of Key Findings: Virus-infected host cells release extracellular vesicles that are markedly different from EVs secreted by a healthy host cell. Increase in certain biomarker levels in EVs prove to be highly beneficial in diagnostics. Depending on the cell source, EVs also exhibit the natural ability to defend against viral diseases. This innate ability to defend against viral infections, can thus be exploited to produce potent anti-viral responsesin infected hosts.\u003Cbr>Conclusion/Implications: By navigating the challenges associated with EVs, they can be utilised to prepare alternatives to anti-viral drugs currently available in the market that show low specificity and high toxicity, thus helping mitigate and manage viral diseases. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nConsidering that the recent SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in a death toll of 7 million worldwide, it is highly imperative that we prepare for emerging viral infections that can cause large-scale outbreaks and develop new and improved antiviral strategies for the benefit of all concerned. Novel and repurposed synthetic and natural antivirals, such as molnupiravir, remdesivir, cordycepin, cyanorona-20, teriflunomide and didanosine, continue to be identified for their potency against emerging COVID-19 variants (Rabie, 2021, 2022, 2023). These drugs have different modes of action, mainly interfering with the replication or protein formation machineries of the virus.  \nHowever, chemotherapeutics formulated to date have been found to have several disadvantages (ˇZigrayov´a et al., 2023). The ability of a virus to take over the host machinery leaves only a few targetable virus-specific markers. Owing to high proliferation and mutation rates, the few markers present may mutate, establishing drug-resistant strains. Mutability is often combatted by combinatorial therapy producing a synergistic effect and broadening the spectrum, such as combining viral  \nRNA polymerase-directed GS-441,524 and host-directed fluoxetine for alpha and beta variants of COVID-19, and fusing nirmatrelvir (anti--replicator) and ritonavir (booster) to produce the drug Paxlovid against the omicron variant (Bojkova et al., 2022; Brunotte et al., 2021; Hillary and Ceasar, 2023; Rabie, 2021). The low bioavailability of drugs and the presence of additives increase the need for higher dosages, consequently increasin","cbCaipP0mPELm0MW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipP0mPELm0MW","pdf",2329195,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Rationale for antiviral development\n## Limitations of current chemotherapeutics\n## Rationale for exploring EV-based therapeutics","[{\"question\":\"What role do extracellular vesicles play in viral disease management?\",\"answer\":\"EVs are naturally released lipid-bilayer structures that can contribute to cell-to-cell communication and can influence viral dispersion and infection. Virus-infected hosts release EVs with biomarker changes and source-dependent innate antiviral defense potential.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are current antiviral chemotherapeutics considered limited?\",\"answer\":\"The document notes disadvantages such as narrow targetability, the emergence of drug-resistant strains due to mutation, limited effectiveness against latent viruses, and issues with low bioavailability and added toxicity from higher required dosages.\"},{\"question\":\"How do EVs compare with existing antivirals in terms of diagnostics and therapy?\",\"answer\":\"EV biomarkers can be used diagnostically because levels in EVs shift after infection. Therapeutically, EVs may reduce toxicity, increase bioavailability and selectivity, and support antiviral responses, potentially offering alternatives to drugs with low specificity and high toxicity.\"}]","Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management | PDF",1790561735,28]