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Deposited Steels  \nKristþna Halmešov¡ 1, *, Radek Proch¡zka 1, Martina Koukol½kov¡ 1, Jan Džugan 1, Pavel Konop½k 1 and Tomasz Bucki 2  \nCitation: Halmešová, K.;  \nProcházka, R.; Koukolíková, M.; Džugan, J.; Konopík, P.; Bucki, T. Extended Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Determination for Additive Manufacturing Deposited Steels. Materials 2022, 15, 3076. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ma15093076](doi.org/10.3390/ma15093076)  \nAcademic Editor: Alexey Smolin  \nReceived: 28 February 2022  \nAccepted: 21 April 2022  \nPublished: 23 April 2022  \nPublisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.  \nCopyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 COMTES FHT a.s., Pr ˚umyslov¡ 995, 33441 Dobˇrany, Czech Republic; [rprochazka@comtesfht.cz](rprochazka@comtesfht.cz) (R.P.); [mkoukolikova@comtesfht.cz](mkoukolikova@comtesfht.cz) (M.K.); [jdzugan@comtesfht.cz](jdzugan@comtesfht.cz) (J.D.); [pkonopik@comtesfht.cz](pkonopik@comtesfht.cz) (P.K.)  \n2 Department of Metallurgy and Material Technologies, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysia˛clecia Pa ´nstwa Polskiego 7, 25314 Kielce, Poland; [tbucki@tu.kielce.pl](tbucki@tu.kielce.pl)  \n* Correspondence: [kristyna.halmesova@comtesfht.cz](kristyna.halmesova@comtesfht.cz)  \nAbstract: Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams are widely used when heat treating steels and represent which type of phase will occur in a material as it is cooled at different cooling rates. CCT diagrams are constructed on the basis of dilatometry measurements on relatively small testing samples (cylindrical shape with diameter of 4mm and length of 11 mm in this study) . The main aim of this work was to demonstrate the possibility of evaluating the tensile test properties using mini-tensile tests from miniature volumes (1 .4 􀀂 10􀀀7 m3 for one sample) subsequent to determination of the CCT diagram and to extend a standard CCT diagram with information about strength, ductility and the estimated value of the work-hardening coefficient. Mini-tensile tests (MTT) were recently developed due to the low availability of experimental material and have already been successfully used for local mechanical property characterization of metals. CCT diagrams were constructed for 42CrMo4 steel prepared by the laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) process, for commercially available 42CrMo4 steel conventionally manufactured (for comparison of traditional processing and AM preparation) and for H13 tool steel deposited by the selective laser melting (SLM) process.  \nKeywords: mini-tensile test; continuous cooling transformation diagram; laser directed energy deposition; selective laser melting  \n1. Introduction  \nContinuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams are broadly used to design specific heat treatments and to predict the microstructure and mechanical properties after thermal treatments [1] . Most of these curves are determined by dilatometry with or without deformation prior to cooling [2] . CTT diagrams are generally more appropriate for engineering applications as components are cooled (air cooled, furnace cooled, quenched etc.) from a processing temperature as this is more economic than transferring to a separate furnace for an isothermal treatment. During the designing of CCT diagrams for steels, the samples are austenitized and then cooled at predetermined cooling rates and the degree of transformation is measured. The locations and shapes of the supercooled austenite transformation c","cbCaiqU0reOxT6J9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqU0reOxT6J9","pdf",2115381,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams and engineering use\n## Experimental determination vs modeling approaches\n## Mini-tensile tests from dilatometry samples\n# CCT diagram construction and material systems\n## Laser-directed energy deposition and selective laser melting steels","[{\"question\":\"What are continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams used for?\",\"answer\":\"CCT diagrams are used to design heat treatments and predict the microstructure and mechanical properties after thermal processing at different cooling rates.\"},{\"question\":\"How does this study connect CCT diagrams with tensile properties?\",\"answer\":\"After constructing CCT diagrams from dilatometry on miniature samples, the study determines tensile properties using mini-tensile tests (MTT) performed from miniature volumes derived from the same CCT samples.\"},{\"question\":\"Which additive manufacturing processes and steels are investigated?\",\"answer\":\"CCT diagrams are constructed for 42CrMo4 steel made by laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED), a conventionally manufactured 42CrMo4 for comparison, and H13 tool steel deposited by selective laser melting (SLM).\"}]","Extended Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Determination for Additive Manufacturing Deposited Steels | PDF",33]