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This review focuses on the immunological PD-1/PD-L1 axis, summarizes current molecular analysis and treatment strategies, and highlights innovative approaches that may enable more targeted and effective patient-specific therapies with improved outcomes and quality of life.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/expression-of-pd-1-and-pd-l1-in-endometrial-cancer-molecular-and-clinical-significance/382987/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/expression-of-pd-1-and-pd-l1-in-endometrial-cancer-molecular-and-clinical-significance/382987.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aran","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the review focus on regarding endometrial cancer treatment?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It centers on the immunological PD-1/PD-L1 axis and how molecular analysis informs current and emerging treatment strategies for endometrial cancer.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which traditional therapies for endometrial cancer are mentioned?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review lists surgical resection, cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiation therapy as cornerstone approaches.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is personalized medicine applied in endometrial cancer according to the abstract?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Treatments are tailored using specific biomarkers for both initial and recurrent therapy protocols.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},382987,1791091820,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":106,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137455076865,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nExpression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in Endometrial Cancer: Molecular and Clinical Significance  \nMohd Nazzary Mamat @ Yusof , Kah Teik Chew , Nirmala Chandralega Kampan and Mohamad Nasir Shafiee *  \nCitation: Mamat @ Yusof, M.N.; Chew, K.T.; Kampan, N.C.; Shafiee, M.N. Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in Endometrial Cancer: Molecular and Clinical Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15233. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms242015233](10.3390/ijms242015233)  \nAcademic Editors: Maciej Iek Skrzypczak and Oliver Treeck  \nReceived: 11 September 2023  \nRevised: 7 October 2023  \nAccepted: 11 October 2023  \nPublished: 16 October 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nGynaecologic-Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia  \n* Correspondence: nasirshafi[ee@ukm.edu.my](ee@ukm.edu.my)  \nAbstract: The landscape of diagnosing and treating endometrial cancer is undergoing a profound transformation due to the integration of molecular analysis and innovative therapeutic approaches. For several decades, the cornerstone treatments for endometrial cancer have included surgical resection, cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiation therapy. However, in recent years, the concept of personalised medicine has gained momentum, reshaping the way clinicians approach cancer treatment. Tailoring treatments based on specific biomarkers has evolved into a standard practice in both initial and recurrent therapy protocols. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the current state of molecular analysis and treatment strategies in the context of endometrial cancer, focusing on the immunological aspect of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Furthermore, it seeks to shed light on emerging and innovative approaches that hold promise for the future modulation of endometrial cancer treatments. In essence, as researchers delve into the complex molecular landscape of endometrial cancer and harness the understanding of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, we are paving the way for more targeted, effective, and personalised therapies that have the potential to significantly improve the outcomes and quality of life for patients with this challenging disease.  \nKeywords: endometrial cancer; PD-1; PD-L1; molecular classification; immune-checkpoint inhibitor; novel targeted therapy  \n1. Introduction  \nEndometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common malignancy among women worldwide [1] . Geographically, EC is more common in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, Europe, and Oceania/Australasia, while it is less common in Africa and South and Central Asia. The most common causes of EC include a family history of the disease, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, exposure to oestrogen, the use of hormonal drugs, obesity, diabetes, and a high body mass index [2] . Pathological data, including histology, stage, grade, myometrial invasion, lymph vascular space invasion, and cervical stromal invasion, have been used for decades to determine the recurrence risk of EC. However, expert gynaecologic pathologists may face challenges in classifying the risk based on pathological findings [3,4] . Histology, grade, stage, and risk classification criteria, such as cervical stromal invasion, myometrial invasion, and lymph vascular space invasion varied among reviewers in past therapeutic studies that required central pathology evaluation [5] . As a result, some patients may not receive appropriate care or treatment due to inconsistent risk categorization.  \nRecent advancements in genome analysis technology have reve","cbCaife1KK7OIXAx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaife1KK7OIXAx","pdf",1738949,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods","[{\"question\":\"What does the review focus on regarding endometrial cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"It centers on the immunological PD-1/PD-L1 axis and how molecular analysis informs current and emerging treatment strategies for endometrial cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"Which traditional therapies for endometrial cancer are mentioned?\",\"answer\":\"The review lists surgical resection, cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiation therapy as cornerstone approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How is personalized medicine applied in endometrial cancer according to the abstract?\",\"answer\":\"Treatments are tailored using specific biomarkers for both initial and recurrent therapy protocols.\"}]","Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in Endometrial Cancer - Molecular and Clinical Significance | PDF",1790253442,43]