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A case is presented of a healthy, young, athletic woman who developed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma after her second Pfizer/BioNTech dose. The discussion critically examines emerging evidence on modRNA biodistribution and persistence via lipid nanoparticles, including potential effects on bone marrow, immune regulation, autoimmune disorders, and neoplastic processes, using clinical observations and current literature to assess hypothesized genetic and molecular mechanisms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exploring-the-potential-link-between-mrna-covid-19-vaccinations-and-cancer-a-case-report-with-a-review-of-haematopoietic-malignancies-with-insights-into-pathogenic-mechanisms/352468/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exploring-the-potential-link-between-mrna-covid-19-vaccinations-and-cancer-a-case-report-with-a-review-of-haematopoietic-malignancies-with-insights-into-pathogenic-mechanisms/352468.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What medical conditions are described in the case report after the second vaccine dose?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The report describes acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) following the second Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article explain a possible biological pathway involving modRNA and lipid nanoparticles?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It discusses that modRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles may distribute and persist in tissues, including the bone marrow, potentially influencing immune processes and contributing to autoimmune and neoplastic mechanisms.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the document’s main aim regarding risk assessment?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article aims to evaluate the risk of developing haematopoietic cancers after modRNA vaccination by integrating the presented case with current scientific literature and proposed genetic and molecular mechanisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},352468,1790912691,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},1374391975076,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051","[www.oncotarget.com](www.oncotarget.com) Oncotarget, 2026, Vol. 17, pp: 34-49  \nCase Report  \nExploring the potential link between mRNA COVID-19 vaccinationsand cancer: A case report with a review of haematopoietic malignancies with insights into pathogenic mechanisms  \nPatrizia Gentilini 1,2, Janci C . Lindsay3, Nafuko Konishi4, Masanori Fukushima5 and Panagis Polykretis 1,2  \n1“Allineare Sanità e Salute” Foundation, Milano 20131, Italy  \n2Independent Medical Scientific Commission (CMSi), Milano 20122, Italy  \n3Toxicology and Molecular Biology, Toxicology Support Services, LLC., Sealy, TX 77474, USA  \n4Osaka Metropolitan University School of Medicine, Osaka 545-0051, Japan 5 Learning Health Society Institute, Nagoya 450-0003, Japan Correspondence to: Panagis Polykretis, [email](email: panagis.polykretis@gmail.com)[: panagis.polykretis@gmail.com](email: panagis.polykretis@gmail.com)  \nKeywords: COVID-19 genetic vaccines; adverse effects; cancer; lymphoblastic leukaemia; lymphoblastic lymphoma  \nReceived: November 26, 2025 Accepted: January 19, 2026 Published: February 06, 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 Gentilini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4 .0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nABSTRACT  \nThis article investigates the potential association between modified mRNA (modRNA) COVID-19 vaccinations and the development of haematopoietic cancers. We present a case involving a healthy, young, athletic woman who developed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) following her second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty® ) . This case is part of an expanding body of literature documenting similar occurrences after modRNA vaccinations, which we critically examine. Emerging evidence suggests that the biodistribution and persistence of modRNA, facilitated by lipid nanoparticles, can affect various tissues and organs, including the bone marrow and other bloodforming organs. Notably, modRNA vaccines exhibit a particular affinity for the bone marrow, potentially influencing the immune system at multiple levels and triggering both autoimmune disorders and neoplastic processes. In this article, we assess the risk of developing haematopoietic cancers post-modRNA vaccination based on current scientific literature and explore the reported potential genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis. By integrating clinical observations and current research, we aim to provide valuable insights into the potential carcinogenic outcomes associated with modRNA vaccination.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)/lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is a clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorder of B or T cell origin, and the World Health Organization 2017 Classification system categorizes these disease entities under “Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasms”  \n[1] . Several authors have expressed concerns about the safety of modRNA vaccines for COVID-19 [2–11], which are technically pro-drug gene therapies encased in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), rather than natural naked mRNA  \n[6, 12] . The LNPs allow for unfettered access through most tissues and organs, including the brain and the bone marrow [13–15]. The mRNA is further modified (referred to as modRNA) by the substitution of all of the uridines for N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ), in order to better stabilize the modRNA and also cloak it from the immune system [16] .  \nIn parallel to the roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines, an increase in excess mortality is being reported in several countries worldwide [17–21] . According to a recent study performed in Japan, the age-adjusted death  \nrates for leukaemia, breast, pancreatic, and lip/oral/ pharyngeal cancers increased significantly in 2022 after a large portion of the Japanese population had received the third dose of the mod","cbCaim2I0o6fQyuS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim2I0o6fQyuS","pdf",554578,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What medical conditions are described in the case report after the second vaccine dose?\",\"answer\":\"The report describes acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) following the second Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine dose.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article explain a possible biological pathway involving modRNA and lipid nanoparticles?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses that modRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles may distribute and persist in tissues, including the bone marrow, potentially influencing immune processes and contributing to autoimmune and neoplastic mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the document’s main aim regarding risk assessment?\",\"answer\":\"The article aims to evaluate the risk of developing haematopoietic cancers after modRNA vaccination by integrating the presented case with current scientific literature and proposed genetic and molecular mechanisms.\"}]","Exploring the potential link between mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations and cancer - A case report with a review of haematopoietic malignancies with insights into pathogenic mechanisms | PDF",1790099807]