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Stereoacuity was measured with the Stereo Fly Test before and after surgery, and vectorial differences were used to calculate ORA from corneal-plane refractive astigmatism and keratometric astigmatism. Among 96 eyes, mean stereoacuity remained similar postoperatively (log units 1.65 to 1.63). Higher preoperative cylindrical error correlated with stereopsis improvement, while ORA showed no significant effect on outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exploring-the-impact-of-refractive-and-ocular-residual-astigmatism-on-stereopsis-after-photorefractive-keratectomy-research-article/457951/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exploring-the-impact-of-refractive-and-ocular-residual-astigmatism-on-stereopsis-after-photorefractive-keratectomy-research-article/457951.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main goal regarding stereopsis after PRK?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To investigate how refractive and ocular residual astigmatism affect stereopsis outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy in patients with myopic astigmatism.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was stereoacuity measured in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Stereoacuity was assessed using the Stereo Fly Test before and after surgery.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Did ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) significantly change stereopsis outcomes after PRK?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No. The study found no significant impact of ORA on stereopsis outcomes following PRK.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},457951,1790863539,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","Wiley  \nJournal of Ophthalmology  \nVolume 2026, Article ID 6140496, 8 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/joph/6140496](https://doi.org/10.1155/joph/6140496)  \nResearch Article  \nExploring the Impact of Refractive and Ocular Residual Astigmatism on Stereopsis After Photorefractive Keratectomy in Patients With Myopic Astigmatism  \nFaezeh Fayaz , 1 Mohsen Pourazizi ,2 Payam Nabovati , 1 Alireza Peyman ,2 and Pegah Noorshargh3  \n1 Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center,  \nIran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n2 Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran  \n3 Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Alireza Peyman; [drpeyman@hotmail.com](drpeyman@hotmail.com)  \nReceived 30 July 2024; Revised 2 November 2025; Accepted 20 December 2025  \nAcademic Editor: Kof Asiedu  \nCopyright © 2026 Faezeh Fayaz et al. Journal of Ophthalmology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Tis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nBackground: To investigate the impact of refractive and ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) on stereopsis after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the correction of myopic astigmatism.  \nMethods: Tis prospective observational study was conducted on patients who underwent PRK for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism using a Schwind Amaris 1050RS excimer laser system. Stereoacuity was measured using the Stereo Fly Test before and after the surgery. We evaluated the impact of pre-op refractive and internal astigmatic components on stereopsis outcome after surgery. To calculate ORA, we calculated the vectorial diference between corneal plane refractive astigmatism and keratometric astigmatism.  \nResults: Ninety-six eyes from 96 patients including 70 females (72.9%) with a mean age of 29.83 ± 7.39 years were enrolled. Te average stereoacuity measured in log units before and after PRK was 1.65 ± 0.09 and 1.63 ± 0.07, respectively (p 􀂈 0. 17) . Patients who showed stereopsis improvement had a higher mean cylindrical error compared to those who did not (p 􀂈 0.04) . Te average pretreatment ORA was 0.84 ± 0.37 in patients who experienced deterioration in stereopsis, 0.77 ± 0.35 in patients who maintained the same level, and 0.80 ± 0.35 in patients who showed improvement (p 􀂈 0.77) .  \nConclusion: Tis study showed the potential relationship between higher astigmatism and the enhancement of stereopsis after PRK. Furthermore, our study found no signifcant impact of ORA on the outcomes of stereopsis following PRK.  \nKeywords: astigmatism; depth perception; photorefractive keratectomy; stereopsis  \n1. Background  \nStereopsis is the ability to perceive depth based on binocular disparity between the images seen by each eye [1, 2] . It is testable in the clinic and has often been employed as the stand-alone measure of depth perception [3–5] .  \nIn recent years, with the gradual maturation of myopia correction refractive surgery, the changes in binocular visual function after surgery have attracted widespread attention [6] . A common method of ablative refractive surgery worldwide is photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) [7–11] . Even though many patients have achieved emmetropia after  \n2 Journal of Ophthalmology  \nrefractive surgery, evaluation of the higher visual function—such as binocular vision and stereopsis—might reveal a more comprehensive assessment. While some studies report improved stereopsis after corneal refractive surgery in young adults and pediatric patients, others note a decline following the procedure [12–16] .  \nAstigmatic correction as an essential component of refractive error could modify meridional aniseikonia and accordingly the binocular vision [17, 18","cbCaioBm4Clny9cj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioBm4Clny9cj","pdf",497506,"English","# Background\n# Materials and Methods\n## Population and Study Design\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main goal regarding stereopsis after PRK?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate how refractive and ocular residual astigmatism affect stereopsis outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy in patients with myopic astigmatism.\"},{\"question\":\"How was stereoacuity measured in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Stereoacuity was assessed using the Stereo Fly Test before and after surgery.\"},{\"question\":\"Did ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) significantly change stereopsis outcomes after PRK?\",\"answer\":\"No. The study found no significant impact of ORA on stereopsis outcomes following PRK.\"}]","Exploring the Impact of Refractive and Ocular Residual Astigmatism on Stereopsis After Photorefractive Keratectomy - Research Article | PDF",1790750954]