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A comprehensive review compiles recent lncRNA evidence across cancers, outlining how lncRNAs shape innate and adaptive immunity, modify the tumor immune microenvironment, enhance immune infiltration, and regulate cytokine production to suggest roles as therapeutic targets and precision-medicine biomarkers.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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BY  \nSimona Kranjc Brezar,  \nInstitute of Oncology Ljubljana, Slovenia  \nREVIEWED BY Yao Luo,  \nSichuan University, China Pavel Loskot,  \nThe Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, United States  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Chun Peng  \n [cpeng@yorku.ca](cpeng@yorku.ca)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 10 June 2024  \nACCEPTED 05 August 2024  \nPUBLISHED 27 August 2024  \nCITATION  \nArshi A, Mahmoudi E, Raeisi F, Dehghan Tezerjani M, Bahramian E, Ahmed Y and Peng C (2024) Exploring potential roles of long non-coding RNAs in cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1446937 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1446937  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Arshi, Mahmoudi, Raeisi, Dehghan Tezerjani, Bahramian, Ahmed and  \nPeng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nExploring potential roles of long non-coding RNAsin cancer immunotherapy:  \na comprehensive review  \nAsghar Arshi1†, Esmaeil Mahmoudi 2†, Farzaneh Raeisi 1, Masoud Dehghan Tezerjani 3, Elham Bahramian 4, Yeasin Ahmed 4 and Chun Peng 1*  \n1 Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran, 3 Department of bioinformatics, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States  \nCancer treatment has long been fraught with challenges, including drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence, making it one of the most difficult diseases to treat effectively. Traditional therapeutic approaches often fall short due to their inability to target cancer stem cells and the complex genetic and epigenetic landscape of tumors. In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field, offering new hope and viable alternatives to conventional treatments. A particularly promising area of research focuses on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their role in cancer resistance and the modulation of signaling pathways. To address these challenges, we performed a comprehensive review of recent studies on lncRNAs and their impact on cancer immunotherapy. Our review highlights the crucial roles that lncRNAs play in affecting both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby influencing the outcomes of cancer treatments. Key observations from our review indicate that lncRNAs can modify the tumor immune microenvironment, enhance immune cell infiltration, and regulate cytokine production, all of which contribute to tumor growth and resistance to therapies. These insights suggest that lncRNAs could serve as potential targets for precision medicine, opening up new avenues for developing more effective cancer immunotherapies. By compiling recent research on lncRNAs across various cancers, this review aims to shed light on their mechanisms within the tumor immune microenvironment.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncancer immunotherapy, lncRNA, therapeutic target, cancer biomarkers, immune response  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer is a complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental disease with an expansive range of tissue, tumor, and cellular levels (1) . Additionally, cancer is the second-highest cause of mortality in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and it carries the highest clinical, social, and economic burden among human diseases (2) . The ","cbCairCEEUtGr1a6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairCEEUtGr1a6","pdf",2243131,26,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer as a complex disease\n## Risk factors for cancer\n## Epigenetics and cancer progression","[{\"question\":\"Why is cancer treatment difficult with traditional approaches?\",\"answer\":\"Traditional therapies often fail because they cannot effectively target cancer stem cells and they do not fully address the complex genetic and epigenetic landscape of tumors.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do long non-coding RNAs play in cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights that lncRNAs influence both innate and adaptive immunity and thereby affect treatment outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How do lncRNAs contribute to tumor growth and resistance to therapy?\",\"answer\":\"They can modify the tumor immune microenvironment, enhance immune cell infiltration, and regulate cytokine production, supporting tumor growth and resistance.\"}]","Exploring potential roles of long non-coding RNAs in cancer immunotherapy - a comprehensive review | PDF",1789992485,66]