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Using a theoretical comparison of the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, the study formulates hypotheses about interference patterns and tests them empirically with Slovak university students learning Spanish as a foreign language. Classroom September 2020 to May 2022 data were collected through observation and textual analysis of short written responses, then assessed via written and spoken communication tasks. Results highlight frequent confusion between past continuous and simple past, plus smaller present perfect related errors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exploring-language-interferences-slovak-learners-of-spanish-and-the-challenges-in-past-tense-usage/589279/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exploring-language-interferences-slovak-learners-of-spanish-and-the-challenges-in-past-tense-usage/589279.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Đào","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What linguistic factors are used to explain differences between Spanish and Slovak in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper contrasts genetic and typological classifications, describing that Slovak and Spanish belong to different language families and have different grammatical structures. It then links these differences to the verb systems relevant for tense usage.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What research question guides the investigation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study asks what interferences Slovak learners of Spanish experience in using past tenses, focusing on how errors emerge in learners’ production.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which past tense errors are most common among the learners?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Most respondents need help distinguishing between past continuous and simple past, which leads to misuse. The study also notes smaller errors in contexts where present perfect should be used.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589279,1792191240,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374402968488,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","EXPLORING LANGUAGE INTERFERENCES: SLOVAK LEARNERS OF SPANISH AND THE CHALLENGES IN PAST TENSE USAGE  \nMária Spišiaková,1  \nThe Faculty of Applied Languages, a member of the Department of Romance and Slavic Languages, the University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia  \n[maria.spisiakova@euba.sk](maria.spisiakova@euba.sk)[ ](maria.spisiakova@euba.sk)[ORCID](ORCID: 0000-0002-1508-7546)[: 0000-0002-1508-7546](ORCID: 0000-0002-1508-7546)  \nNina Mocková,2  \nThe Faculty of Applied Languages, a member of the  \nDepartment of Romance and Slavic Languages, the University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia  \n[nina.mockova@euba.sk](nina.mockova@euba.sk)  \nORCID: 0000-0002-4768-1857  \nNatalia Shumeiko,3  \nThe Faculty of Applied Languages, a member of the  \nDepartment of English Language, the University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia [natalia.shumeiko@euba.sk](natalia.shumeiko@euba.sk)  \n[ORCID](ORCID: 0000-0002-7859-7519)[: 0000-0002-7859-7519](ORCID: 0000-0002-7859-7519)  \nAbstract. Different linguistic classifications of Spanish and Slovak make the differences between these two languages. The genetic criterion classifies languages, clustering them into language families, the largest among which is the Indoeuropean one. The typological criterion divides languages according to their grammatical structures. Meanwhile, Slovak is genetically a Slavonic language, and Spanish is a Romance language. Therefore, they both belong to different language families. Also, according to the typological criterion, Slovak is a synthetic language, and Spanish is an analytic language. Based on a theoretical study of the standard features and differences between the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, we formulated the hypotheses about language interferences, which are accepted or rejected at the end of the research. The current research aims to examine the errors in the use of past tenses by Slovak university students who study Spanish as a foreign language, and then analyze where these errors are due to interference with their native language. The present paper observes what errors students make in using past tenses in Spanish. The research question is: What interferences do Slovak learners of the Spanish language experience in the use of past tenses? We applied scientific methods (an observation, a textual analysis, a synthesis) to conduct the study. The first method was an observation. Applying this method made it possible to gather data by watching the process of doing grammatical exercises in Spanish during classes held from September 2020 to May 2022 for the first-and second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava. These  \n1 Author: data collection, methodology, writing an original draft, review and editing, supervision  \n2 Co-author: data collection, investigation, writing an original draft, visualization  \n3 Corresponding author: data curation, methodology, review and editing  \nstudents knew English and were generally better at it than Spanish. We also conducted a textual analysis that primarily looked at the learners’ short-text writing skills. We used a form with 30 phrases the respondents needed to complete using past tenses. Then, we assessed the written and spoken communication skills of students. The analysis results show that, on the one hand, most respondents needed help distinguishing between the past continuous and simple past tenses, resulting in misuse. On the other hand, we found some slight errors in phrases in which the present perfect tense was supposed to be used.  \nKeywords: language; Slovak; Spanish; past tense; interference; student  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nLanguage teaching and learning is a complex process influenced by a broad range offactors, both within and outside the learner, linguistic and extra-linguistic. All these factors play, to a certain extent, their part in acquiring a foreign language. One of the decisive factors that play a role in this process is the influence of the","cbCaiaocYridJCjM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaocYridJCjM","pdf",537498,15,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Language classification and verb system comparison\n## Hypotheses and research question\n## Methodology: observation and textual analysis\n## Findings on tense confusion and present perfect errors","[{\"question\":\"What linguistic factors are used to explain differences between Spanish and Slovak in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The paper contrasts genetic and typological classifications, describing that Slovak and Spanish belong to different language families and have different grammatical structures. It then links these differences to the verb systems relevant for tense usage.\"},{\"question\":\"What research question guides the investigation?\",\"answer\":\"The study asks what interferences Slovak learners of Spanish experience in using past tenses, focusing on how errors emerge in learners’ production.\"},{\"question\":\"Which past tense errors are most common among the learners?\",\"answer\":\"Most respondents need help distinguishing between past continuous and simple past, which leads to misuse. The study also notes smaller errors in contexts where present perfect should be used.\"}]","EXPLORING LANGUAGE INTERFERENCES - Slovak Learners of Spanish and the Challenges in Past Tense Usage | PDF",1792066886,38]