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It examines the relationship between Hausa heritage language proficiency and ethnic identity through an online questionnaire completed by 103 participants. Results indicate moderately high ethnic identity levels and a strong preference for self-identification labels highlighting Hausa family roots and “Arabness.” Correlations show a weak but significant positive association between Hausa proficiency and ethnic identity, suggesting additional factors—ancestry, race, and religion—also shape identity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exploring-ethnic-identity-and-heritage-language-proficiency-among-second-generation-hausa-saudis/594278/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exploring-ethnic-identity-and-heritage-language-proficiency-among-second-generation-hausa-saudis/594278.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kurz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question does the study address about second-generation Hausa Saudis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on how participants perceive their ethnic identity and how Hausa heritage language proficiency relates to that identity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was data collected and how many participants were involved?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"An online questionnaire was completed by 103 participants.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the study find about the link between Hausa proficiency and ethnic identity?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant positive relationship between Hausa language proficiency and ethnic identity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},594278,1792318511,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478945635,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics ISSN 2209-0959  \n[https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/](https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/)  \nAustralian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8 (1), 102496 (2025)  \n[https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v8n1.102496](https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v8n1.102496)  \nExploring ethnic identity and heritage language proficiency among second-generation Hausa Saudis  \nMORAD ALSAHAFI   \nKing Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia  \nAbstract  \nThis article reports a part of a larger study which examines the sociolinguistic dynamics within the Hausa community in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on how second-generation members of the Hausa Saudi community perceive their ethnic identity and investigates the relationship between their proficiency in the Hausa heritage language and their sense of ethnic identity. Data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 103 participants. The findings reveal that participants reported moderately high levels of ethnic identity (M = 3.14, SD = 0.63) . Responses regarding ethnic self-identification indicated a strong preference among participants for identity labels that emphasize their Hausa family roots and their “Arabness”(e.g., Hausa Arab, Arab Hausa) . These labels illustrate how individuals negotiate the relationship between their Hausa origin and the predominantly Arabicspeaking environment in which they were born and currently reside and identify. Correlation analysis showed a weak yet significant positive relationship between Hausa language proficiency and ethnic identity (r = .24, p \u003C .05) . The conclusion suggests that while heritage language contributes to shaping ethnic identity, other factors, including ancestry, race, and religion, may also play pivotal roles.  \nKeywords: ethnic identity; heritage language; Hausa; language proficiency  \nIntroduction  \nEthnic identity has been a subject of significant interest in the literature due to its complex and multifaceted nature. This complexity stems from the diverse theoretical perspectives on ethnicity (Fishman, 1989; Helms, 2007; Isajiw, 1990; Nagel, 1994; Norton, 1997; Phinney, 2003) . At its core, ethnic identity is not a static concept but a dynamic and evolving one that continually shapes individuals’ identity and reflects how well they are affiliated with their ethnic group.  \nCopyright © 2025 MoradAlsahafi  \nPhinney (2003) defines it as one’s “sense of self as a member of an ethnic group”(p. 63). Joseph (2004) further distinguishes between ethnic and national identities, with ethnic identity being more focused on common descent and shared cultural heritage. National identity, on the other hand, is centered on political borders and autonomy.  \nThe connection between language and ethnic identity is well-established in existing literature, though various interpretations have emerged to clarify the nature of this relationship (Cavallaro, 2005; Isajiw, 1990; Jee, 2024; Liebkind, 1999; Ozers, 2024; Phinney et al., 2001) . The heritage language of an ethnic group is often considered a key indicator of the identity of its speakers (Park, 2024; Phinney et al., 2001) . According to Woodward,“[ethnic] identities are given meaning through the language and symbolic systems through which they are represented”(1997, cited in Fishman 1999, p. 451) . The importance of ethnic language as a marker of ethnic identity is evident in various areas, such as shared cultural experiences, rituals, literature, and historical narratives. Consequently, the heritage language of an ethnic group can serve as “the most ‘visible’ symbol of an ethnic group”(Myers-Scotton, 2006, p. 102) .  \nDespite the notable visibility of the Afro-Saudi community in the Western region of Saudi Arabia, there exists a significant gap in scholarly research concerning their sociolinguistic circumstances (Alsahafi, 2019; Tawalbeh, 2013) . For generations, people of Hausa origin have lived in the country since its founding in 1932, alongside other Saudi","cbCaibY1QWjidT3b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibY1QWjidT3b","pdf",319420,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Definitions and theoretical perspectives of ethnic identity\n# Literature Review\n## Defining Ethnic Identity\n## Language and symbolic systems in identity","[{\"question\":\"What question does the study address about second-generation Hausa Saudis?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on how participants perceive their ethnic identity and how Hausa heritage language proficiency relates to that identity.\"},{\"question\":\"How was data collected and how many participants were involved?\",\"answer\":\"An online questionnaire was completed by 103 participants.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find about the link between Hausa proficiency and ethnic identity?\",\"answer\":\"Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant positive relationship between Hausa language proficiency and ethnic identity.\"}]","Exploring ethnic identity and heritage language proficiency among second-generation Hausa Saudis | PDF",1792078857,35]