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Evidence remains limited regarding how CA and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) converge and diverge in pathogenesis, including tumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). A PubMed/Web of Science/Google Scholar literature search summarizes epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic hurdles, and recent CA research advances.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exploring-cervical-adenocarcinoma-epidemiological-insights-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-challenges-and-pathogenetic-mechanisms/371205/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exploring-cervical-adenocarcinoma-epidemiological-insights-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-challenges-and-pathogenetic-mechanisms/371205.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) challenging to manage clinically?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"CA has a low early detection rate, pronounced aggressiveness, high recurrence and mortality, and additional difficulties when treatment is initiated at late stages.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the document’s research focus comparing CA with SCC?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It highlights similarities and differences in pathogenesis mechanisms, especially tumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) between CA and SCC.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which databases and research terms were used for the literature search?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using terms covering gynecological oncology, cervical cancer/adenocarcinoma, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, HPV, World Health Organization, tumor microenvironment, single-cell RNA sequencing, molecular mechanism, and preclinical research models.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},371205,1790618529,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Cancer Medicine  \n|  REVIEW  OPEN ACCESS \u003Cbr>Exploring Cervical Adenocarcinoma: Epidemiological Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Pathogenetic Mechanisms\u003Cbr>Shuhui Li1 | Congrong Liu2 | Liang Weng1 \u003Cbr>1Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China | 2Department of Pathology, Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China\u003Cbr>Correspondence: Congrong Liu ([congrong_liu@hsc.pku.edu.cn](congrong_liu@hsc.pku.edu.cn)) | Liang Weng ([wengliang@pku.edu.cn](wengliang@pku.edu.cn))\u003Cbr>Received: 10 August 2024 | Revised: 14 November 2024 | Accepted: 9 January 2025\u003Cbr>Funding: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072882) .\u003Cbr>Keywords: cervical adenocarcinoma | cervical cancer | gynecological oncology | organoid | single-cell RNA sequencing | tumor microenvironment |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Background: Cervical cancer poses a significant threat to women's health and encompasses various histological types, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), cervical adenocarcinoma (CA), and adenosquamous carcinoma. CA, in particular, presentsa formidable challenge in clinical management due to its low early detection rate, pronounced aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, and mortality, compounded by the complexities associated with late-stage treatment. There is limited understanding of the similarities and differences in the pathogenesis mechanisms between CA and SCC, such as tumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) .\u003Cbr>Methods: A literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the following research terms: “gynecological oncology,” “cervical cancer,” “cervical adenocarcinoma,” “epidemiology,” “diagnosis and treatment of cervical adenocarcinoma,” “Human papillomavirus,” “World Health Organization,” “tumor microenvironment,”“single-cell RNA sequencing,” “molecular mechanism,” and “preclinical research model.”\u003Cbr>Conclusion: This review consolidates the epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic hurdles, and the latest advances in research on CA. It aims to highlight the significant heterogeneity ofthe TME characteristics exhibited by CA compared to SCC. Additionally, we also summarize the common preclinical models for CA and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using various models in research. We aspire that the discussions presented herein will offer novel insights and directions for subsequent research, as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies for CA. |  |\n| 1 | Introduction | the most common type, accounting for about 80%, while CA makes up 10%–25% . Despite a declining incidence of cervical |\n| Cervical cancer constitutes 6.24% of all cancer cases among | cancer overall, the incidence of CA is rising compared to SCC |\n| women, comprising squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), cervical | [2] . Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus |\n| adenocarcinoma (CA), and other epithelial tumors [1] . SCC is | (HPV) types, particularly HPV16, 18, and 45, is the primary |\n| Abbreviations: CA, cervical adenocarcinoma; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CT, computer tomography; HPV, human papillomavirus; MDA, minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of cervix; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MSI, microsatellite instability; PD-L1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; PDX, patient-derived tumor xenograft; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; ScRNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing; SLC26A3, solute carrier family 26 member 3; SnRNA-seq, single nuclei RNA sequencing; TCR-seq, T-cell receptor sequencing; TMB, tumor mutational burden; TME, tumor immune microenvironment; Tregs, regulatory T cell; WHO, World Health Organization. |  |\n| This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the origi","cbCaioKiqMtHZXuS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioKiqMtHZXuS","pdf",2484889,"English","# Introduction\n# Epidemiology of CA\n# Pathogenesis and Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TME)\n# Diagnosis and Diagnostic Challenges\n# Therapeutic Challenges and Management Strategies\n# Preclinical Models and Future Directions","[{\"question\":\"Why is cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) challenging to manage clinically?\",\"answer\":\"CA has a low early detection rate, pronounced aggressiveness, high recurrence and mortality, and additional difficulties when treatment is initiated at late stages.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the document’s research focus comparing CA with SCC?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights similarities and differences in pathogenesis mechanisms, especially tumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) between CA and SCC.\"},{\"question\":\"Which databases and research terms were used for the literature search?\",\"answer\":\"The review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using terms covering gynecological oncology, cervical cancer/adenocarcinoma, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, HPV, World Health Organization, tumor microenvironment, single-cell RNA sequencing, molecular mechanism, and preclinical research models.\"}]","Exploring Cervical Adenocarcinoma - Epidemiological Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Pathogenetic Mechanisms | PDF",1790191511,25]