[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599432-105":59,"doc-detail-599432-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","experiences-of-belonging-and-islamophobia-among-hijabi-muslim-college-students-in-the-united-states","EXPERIENCES OF BELONGING AND ISLAMOPHOBIA AMONG HIJABI MUSLIM COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES","","Exploratory online survey research (n=41) examines belonging and Islamophobia experiences among hijabi Muslim college students across the United States. The study uses a critical quantitative approach linking sense of belonging, social adjustment, and microaggressions to hijab adherence, Muslim student organization involvement (MSA), and identification with a minoritized racial group. More modest dress correlated with lower perceived peer and faculty support, while microaggressions related negatively to faculty empathy. Strongest effects showed MSA involvement on social adjustment and white identity on perceived faculty support.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/experiences-of-belonging-and-islamophobia-among-hijabi-muslim-college-students-in-the-united-states/599432/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/experiences-of-belonging-and-islamophobia-among-hijabi-muslim-college-students-in-the-united-states/599432.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1790064749","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main focus of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study focuses on experiences of belonging and Islamophobia among hijabi Muslim college students across the United States.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does hijab adherence and student organization involvement relate to outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The analysis examines how hijab adherence and membership in a Muslim student organization (MSA) connect to sense of belonging, social adjustment, and microaggressions, with the strongest effects linked to MSA involvement for social adjustment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What relationships did the study find regarding dress, microaggressions, and support?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"More modest dress was associated with lower perceived support from peers and faculty, and reported microaggressions were negatively related to faculty empathy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599432,1792166496,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859154,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","EXPERIENCES OF BELONGING AND ISLAMOPHOBIA AMONG HIJABI MUSLIM COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES  \nNeda Pouraskari  \nUniversity of North Carolina-Charlotte  \nSandra Dika  \nUniversity of North Carolina-Charlotte  \nJacob Frankovich  \nUniversity of North Carolina-Charlotte  \nAbstract  \nStudents from marginalized religious backgrounds face myriad challenges on college and university campuses, and negative effects are especially pronounced for Muslim students. Wearing hijab can put college students at a greater risk of marginalization amidst a climate of Islamophobia. Although there is a growing body of research on Muslim college student experiences, thereis amore limited exploration of hijabi students’experiences. In this exploratory online survey study (n=41), we sought to understand experiences of belonging and Islamophobia among hijabi Muslim students across the United States. We adopted a critical quantitative approach, specifically interested in the connection of hijabi students’ sense of belonging, social adjustment, and experiences of microaggressions to their adherence to the Islamic dress code, membership in a Muslim student organization (MSA), and identifying with a minoritized racial group. We found that more modest dress was associated with lower perceived support from peers and faculty, while reported microaggressions were negatively related to faculty empathy. The strongest effects were involvement in MSA on social adjustment, and having a white identity on perceived faculty support. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of student affairs professionals, faculty, and higher education administrators in supporting hijabi students to succeed as their whole authentic selves.  \nPlease direct inquires about this manuscript to: Sandra Dika, [sdika@charlotte.edu](sdika@charlotte.edu).  \nCollege Student Affairs Journal, Volume 41(2), pp. 1-15 ISSN 2381-2338  \nCopyright 2023 Southern Association for College Student Affairs All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.  \n2 College Student Affairs Journal Vol. 41, No. 2, 2023  \nI  \nntegration and feelings of belonging among students in higher education are important for student persistence (Hurtado & Carter, 1997; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005) . For  \nminoritized college students, feelings of belonging help predict persistence (Patten & Rice, 2008; Tinto, 1994) and academic success (Gummadamet al., 2016; Walton & Cohen, 2011) . Marginalized populations, however, may struggle with developing a strong sense of belonging in their educational institution (Hurtado & Carter, 1997; Walton & Cohen, 2011) . Students from marginalized religious backgrounds face myriad challenges on college and university campuses, including exclusionary campus climates (Mayhew et al., 2014), bias incidents and microaggressions (Nadal et al., 2012), and feelings of confusion and uncertainty (Bowman & Small, 2012) . For example, the dropout rate of students from minoritized religious groups is higher than Christian students, the privileged group in the United States (Patten & Rice, 2008) . These effects are especially pronounced for Muslim students: The majority of U.S. college students (54%) believe Muslims are not accepted on their campuses (Rockenbach et al., 2014) . Negative stereotypes against Muslims impact campus religious climate and worldview diversity (Rockenbach et al., 2017) . In the five days following the 2016 presidential election, over 60 anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant incidents were reported at universities (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2016), while faculty noted Islamophobic incidents on campus and Muslim students’ feelings of vulnerability (Miller & Pouraskari, 2019) . Recent anti-Muslim incidents at universities around the United States have included anti-Muslim statements on social media from professors (Flaherty, 2018), invitations to anti-Muslim speakers on campus (Roll, 2017), and silence from university administrators amidst Trump-era Muslim ban policies (Whi","cbCaidzrTXcGQJ43","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidzrTXcGQJ43","pdf",834907,15,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and problem context\n## Hijab, identity, and campus challenges\n## Study aims and approach","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on experiences of belonging and Islamophobia among hijabi Muslim college students across the United States.\"},{\"question\":\"How does hijab adherence and student organization involvement relate to outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis examines how hijab adherence and membership in a Muslim student organization (MSA) connect to sense of belonging, social adjustment, and microaggressions, with the strongest effects linked to MSA involvement for social adjustment.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationships did the study find regarding dress, microaggressions, and support?\",\"answer\":\"More modest dress was associated with lower perceived support from peers and faculty, and reported microaggressions were negatively related to faculty empathy.\"}]","EXPERIENCES OF BELONGING AND ISLAMOPHOBIA AMONG HIJABI MUSLIM COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES | PDF",1792088759,38]