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Data were collected through interviews with three Jordanian female respondents, yielding transcriptions of recorded tokens categorized by the (non)morphological processes they exhibit. Results identify multiple morphological strategies, including affixation, suppletion, conversion, and vowel mark placement. Non-morphological processes include univerbation, borrowing, and word creation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/expanding-the-lexicon-the-case-of-jordanian-arabic/589469/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/expanding-the-lexicon-the-case-of-jordanian-arabic/589469.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to investigate about Jordanian Arabic?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It investigates which (non)morphological processes native speakers of Jordanian Urban Arabic and Jordanian Rural Arabic use to expand their own lexicon.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is the data collected in this research?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study interviews three Jordanian female respondents, then categorizes transcriptions of recorded tokens according to the (non)morphological processes they undergo.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which morphological and non-morphological processes are reported as contributing to lexicon expansion?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Morphological processes include affixation, suppletion, conversion, and vowel mark placement, while non-morphological processes include univerbation, borrowing, and word creation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589469,1792451845,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":44},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714  \nVol. 7 No. 6; December 2016  \n Australian International Academic Centre, Australia  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n|  | Flourishing Creativity & Literacy |  |\n|  |  |  |\n\nExpanding the Lexicon: The Case of Jordanian Arabic  \nZainab Sa'aida  \nDepartment of English, Tafila Technical University, Jordan  \nE-mail: [saaidazainab@yahoo.com](saaidazainab@yahoo.com)  \nDoi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.9  \nURL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.9](http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.9)  \nReceived: 07/07/2016  \nAccepted: 14/09/2016  \nAbstract  \nThe aim of this study is to explore (non)morphological processes that native speakers of Jordanian Urban Arabic and Jordanian Rural Arabic use to expand their own lexicon. Three Jordanian female respondents were interviewed to collect data. The data consist of transcriptions of recorded tokens, which were categorised into groups according to the (non)morphological processes that they undergo. Findings of the study show that there is a number of (non)morphological processes that native speakers of Jordanian Urban Arabic and Jordanian Rural Arabic use to enlarge their own lexicon. The morphological processes include affixation, suppletion, conversion, and vowel mark placement. The present study has also explored a number of non-morphological processes which include univerbation, borrowing, and word creation.  \nKeywords: Lexicon, Jordanian Arabic,(non)morphological processes,(non)concatenative, word-formation  \n1. Introduction  \nNo natural language would be imagined to live without having word-formation processes; they alter stems to derive new words in the language. We need new words, as language users need new expressions to refer to new objects or concepts (Booij, 2005) . One of the means for expanding the lexicon of a language is word-formation processes. The study of word-formation is defined as ‘‘the study of the ways in which new complex words are built on the basis of other words or morphemes’’ (Plag, 2003: p. 13) . Languages have two different kinds of morphological relationships among words: derivational where word-formation processes may change the word’s meaning or part of speech and inflectional where the processes change the word’s grammatical function. There are various types of word-formation processes. Some of these processes are concatenative, i.e. ‘‘the combination of elements into a linear sequence’’(Booij, 2005: p. 9; cf. Haspelmath and Sims (2010)) . Affixation is an example of a concatenative process, as in the English word happiness where the morpheme -ness is added to the stem happy. Another example is reduplication in which a word is copied completely or partially and added to that base word, as in Papua Malay words ada ‘sibling’ \u003C ada-ada‘siblings’ (total reduplication) and anak ‘child’ \u003C an-anak ‘children’ (partial reduplication) (Booij, 2016) . Other processes are called non-concatenative processes where they alter the internal properties of morphemes or a word’s internal structure – for example, new words might be made by the replacing of vowels as in sing > sang (Booij, 2005) . The use of a tone pattern as a morphological marker in tonal languages is another example of a non-concatenative process (Booij, 2016) . Examples of tone patterns are the Ngiti, a central Sudanic language of Congo, singular form màlimò ‘teacher’ and the plural form màlímó ‘teachers’ where the Mid-Low tones of the penultimate and ultimate syllables are replaced by High tones in the plural form (Kutsch Lojenga, 1994) .  \nThe set of lexical items and complex words in a language can also be enlarged by other non-morphological processes. Lexical borrowing is one of non-morphological processes (see Sa’id, 1967; Suleiman, 1985; Sa’aida, 2015) . For example, in Booij (2005) Dutch borrowed the English words deduce, induce, and reduce as deduceer, induceer, and reduceer, respectively. Those borrowed words are created by ","cbCailUo4pI7oBqI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailUo4pI7oBqI","pdf",647481,"English","# 1. Introduction\n## 2. (Non)morphological processes for lexicon expansion","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to investigate about Jordanian Arabic?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates which (non)morphological processes native speakers of Jordanian Urban Arabic and Jordanian Rural Arabic use to expand their own lexicon.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the data collected in this research?\",\"answer\":\"The study interviews three Jordanian female respondents, then categorizes transcriptions of recorded tokens according to the (non)morphological processes they undergo.\"},{\"question\":\"Which morphological and non-morphological processes are reported as contributing to lexicon expansion?\",\"answer\":\"Morphological processes include affixation, suppletion, conversion, and vowel mark placement, while non-morphological processes include univerbation, borrowing, and word creation.\"}]","Expanding the Lexicon - The Case of Jordanian Arabic | PDF",1792067411]