[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599401-105":59,"doc-detail-599401-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","expanding-counseling-center-use-through-campus-engagement-and-social-norming-study-findings","EXPANDING COUNSELING CENTER USE THROUGH CAMPUS ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL NORMING - study findings","","Social norms theory frames how students use university counseling centers. The study shows that campus engagement—specifically living and working on campus—and students’ estimation of how many peers use the center are significantly associated with counseling center use. Students’ estimates of others’ use also mediated the link between on-campus living and counseling center use. Findings indicate a positive campus norm supporting counseling use, and recommendations are provided for student affairs offices to strengthen this norm.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/expanding-counseling-center-use-through-campus-engagement-and-social-norming-study-findings/599401/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/expanding-counseling-center-use-through-campus-engagement-and-social-norming-study-findings/599401.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1790064749","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-16","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does campus engagement relate to counseling center use?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study finds that living and working on campus are significantly associated with students’ counseling center use.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role do students’ estimates of others’ counseling use play?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Students’ estimation of how many peers use the counseling center is significantly associated with their own use and also mediates the relationship between on-campus living and use.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the results suggest about campus norms?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The results suggest a positive campus norm around counseling center use, with recommendations offered for student affairs offices to encourage this norm.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599401,1792120857,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859154,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","EXPANDING COUNSELING CENTER USE THROUGH CAMPUS ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL NORMING  \nKathleen M. Brennan  \nWestern Carolina University  \nKimberly S. Gorman  \nWestern Carolina University  \nAbstract  \nSocial norms theory offers a useful frame for understanding student use of university counseling centers. This study found engagement in the forms of living and working on campus and estimation of how many students on campus are using the university counseling center was significantly associated with counseling center use. Students’estimation of other students’ counseling center use also mediated the relationship between on-campus living and counseling center use. These results suggest a positive campus norm around counseling center use. Recommendations for how student affairs offices can encourage this norm are offered.  \nKeywords: University counseling center use, campus engagement, social norming  \nPlease direct inquires about this manuscript to: Kathleen M. Brennan, [kbrennan@wcu.edu](kbrennan@wcu.edu)  \nCollege Student Affairs Journal, Volume 41(1), pp. 105-122 ISSN 2381-2338  \nCopyright 2023 Southern Association for College Student Affairs All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.  \n106 College Student Affairs Journal Vol. 41, No. 1, 2023  \n& Gorman, 2022; Gaddis et al., 2018; Gorman & Brennan, 2021; Yorgason et al., 2008), lack of knowledge about services (Hayes et al., 2008; Yorgason et al., 2008), expectations about counseling efficacy (Hayes et al., 2008; Watson, 2005; Yorgason et al., 2008), and perceived lack of social support (Berman et al., 2019) as barriers to use. In this paper, we argue inducements in the forms of social norming and positive messaging offer strong possibilities for increasing student use of university counseling centers. Several recent examples of successful efforts to increase healthy behaviorsand reinforce their normative status via positive message campaigns support this expectation: some U.S. states successfully used messages to wear a mask, wash hands, and physically distance themselves from others during the COVID-19 pandemic (Goldsmith, 2020) and the \\#MeToo movement encouraged women to speak up about experiences of sexual harassment and abuse (Murphy, 2019) . We were interested in whether the social norm surrounding student body use of a university counseling center influenced students’ own use, so we applied a social norms theory framework to examine the associations between students’ campus engagement, perceptions of other students’university counseling center use, and their use of the counseling center.  \nBackground  \nSocial Norms Theory  \nSocial norms theory emphasizes the role of conformity in individual and group behavior. It purports one’s perceptions of peers and other community members’ behaviors influence one’s behavior. Social norms guide behavior via a desire for social approval; thus, individuals conform their behavior to the perceived behavior of their peers (Berkowitz, 2001; 2003) . Whether a norm is injunctive (i.e., what people ought to do) or descriptive (i.e., what the majority actually does) contributes to norm-related endorsement and behavior (Berkowitz, 2004; Burchell et al., 2013; Cialdini et  \nCampus Engagement & Social Norming  \nal., 1990) . Social norms theory asserts correcting individual misperceptions about norms is important in modifying individual behavior (Berkowitz, 2003; Burchell et al., 2013; Pape, 2012) . This is especially significant when attempting to change unhealthy or dangerous behavior, as individuals typically overestimate risk behavior and underestimate healthy behavior. Even though overestimation of a risk behavior does not necessarily lead to participation in the behavior, individuals who do not engage in risk behavior may not speak out against it if they underestimate community opposition to it (Berkowitz, 2003) . This can be problematic in terms of behavioral change in the community.  \nThe social norms approach is frequently used to address ","cbCaie37sDAK2ACS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie37sDAK2ACS","pdf",841297,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n## Social Norms Theory\n## Campus Engagement & Social Norming\n# Campus Proximity and Engagement Outcomes","[{\"question\":\"How does campus engagement relate to counseling center use?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds that living and working on campus are significantly associated with students’ counseling center use.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do students’ estimates of others’ counseling use play?\",\"answer\":\"Students’ estimation of how many peers use the counseling center is significantly associated with their own use and also mediates the relationship between on-campus living and use.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results suggest about campus norms?\",\"answer\":\"The results suggest a positive campus norm around counseling center use, with recommendations offered for student affairs offices to encourage this norm.\"}]","EXPANDING COUNSELING CENTER USE THROUGH CAMPUS ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL NORMING - study findings | PDF",1792088701,45]