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Although immunotherapy has markedly improved outcomes for metastatic and late-stage disease, many patients still progress and survival remains limited for advanced cases. This review explains how tumor microenvironment–immune interactions drive the rapid evolution of new immunotherapy strategies and focuses on exosomes as 30–150 nm extracellular vesicles with favorable compatibility and low immunogenicity for delivering anticancer agents, including drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exosome-based-immunotherapy-as-an-innovative-therapeutic-approach-in-melanoma/331479/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exosome-based-immunotherapy-as-an-innovative-therapeutic-approach-in-melanoma/331479.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Skyler","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is melanoma considered particularly dangerous?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Melanoma is described as one of the deadliest human cancers, with later stages accounting for almost all skin-tumor–related fatalities.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How has immunotherapy changed metastatic and late-stage melanoma treatment?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Immunotherapy has significantly improved treatment responses in metastatic and late-stage melanoma, raising positive response rates and extending median survival.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What makes exosome-based immunotherapy promising for melanoma?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) that offer advantages such as compatibility with living organisms and low potential for triggering immune reactions, enabling delivery of therapeutic agents like drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331479,1792762607,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31,"preview_page_count":4},2336464648746,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Babaei etal. Cell Communication and Signaling (2024) 22:527  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-024-01906-1](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-024-01906-1)  \nCell Communication and Signaling  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nExosome-based immunotherapy as an  innovative therapeutic approach in melanoma  \nShabnam Babaei 1,2, Manouchehr Fadaee2,3, Hajar Abbasi-kenarsari4, Dariush Shanehbandi 1 and Tohid Kazemi 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nThe malignant form of melanoma is one of the deadliest human cancers that accounts for almost all of the skin tumor-related fatalities in its later stages. Achieving an exhaustive understanding of reliable cancer-specific markers and molecular pathways can provide numerous practical techniques and direct the way toward the development of rational curative medicines to increase the lifespan of patients. Immunotherapy has significantly enhanced the treatment of metastatic and late-stage melanoma, resulting in an incredible increase in positive responses to therapy. Despite the increasing occurrence of melanoma, the median survival rate for patients with advanced, inoperable terminal disease has increased from around six months to almost six years. The current knowledge of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its interaction with the immune system has resulted in the swift growth of innovative immunotherapy treatments. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), ranging from 30 to 150 nm in size, that the majority of cells released them. Exosomes possess natural advantages such as high compatibility with living organisms and low potential for causing immune reactions, making them practical for delivering therapeutic agents like chemotherapy drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. This review highlights recent advancements in using exosomes as an approach to providing medications for the treatment of melanoma. Keywords Melanoma, Exosome therapy, Drug delivery, Cancer vaccine, Drug resistance  \nIntroduction  \nMelanoma, the most deadly and invasive form of skin cancer, is steadily rising globally [1, 2]. Melanoma accounts for 1.7% of the world’s cancers. In 2020, about 325,000 individuals get melanoma worldwide, and 57,000 people died from this disease [3, 4]. However, the survival percentage of people with melanoma is still low despite  \n*Correspondence:  \nTohid Kazemi  \n[Tohid_kazemi@yahoo.com](Tohid_kazemi@yahoo.com)  \n1Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran  \n2Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranP. O. Box: 5165683146  \n3Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran  \n4Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \nthe significant advancements in therapy strategies [5, 6]. The five-year rate of survival for local melanoma is 98.3%; for metastatic melanoma (MM), it is 16%[7]. Initial therapeutic strategies for MM include surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiation. Surgery is generally designated for early-stage melanoma and can efficiently remove tumor tissues; nevertheless, it is an invasive procedure. Despite their effectiveness in eliminating cancer cells, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not selective and can inadvertently damage healthy cells, leading to severe consequences [8]. Before the beginning of immunotherapy for the management of MM, results were typically unpleasant despite the utilization of numerous cytotoxic drugs and compounds. The median survival for patients with incurable metastatic disease was between 6 and 9 months [9, 10]. In fact, immunotherapy, a well-established therapeutic approach, reduces harm to healthy  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the ","cbCaiorazT9S2f88","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiorazT9S2f88","pdf",3835293,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is melanoma considered particularly dangerous?\",\"answer\":\"Melanoma is described as one of the deadliest human cancers, with later stages accounting for almost all skin-tumor–related fatalities.\"},{\"question\":\"How has immunotherapy changed metastatic and late-stage melanoma treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy has significantly improved treatment responses in metastatic and late-stage melanoma, raising positive response rates and extending median survival.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes exosome-based immunotherapy promising for melanoma?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) that offer advantages such as compatibility with living organisms and low potential for triggering immune reactions, enabling delivery of therapeutic agents like drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins.\"}]","Exosome-based immunotherapy as an innovative therapeutic approach in melanoma | PDF",1789993445]