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AIM: Explore how miR-191 contributes to CRC. METHODS: CRC cell-derived exosomes were extracted and identified; after macrophage coculture, polarization was assessed by flow cytometry (CD68/CD163), cytokine ELISA (IL-4/IL-10), western blotting, and immunofluorescence, with ROS, ferroptosis-related proteins, and apoptosis measured by flow cytometry, western blotting, and TUNEL. RESULTS: miR-191 inhibition reduced M2 polarization and triggered ROS production, ferroptosis, and apoptosis; silencing exosomal miR-191 weakened CRC development and slowed tumor progression in nude mice. CONCLUSION: Exosomal miR-191 inhibition attenuates CRC progression by inducing macrophage ferroptosis and modulating the tumor microenvironment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exosomal-mir-191-promotes-colorectal-cancer-progression-inducing-m2-macrophage-polarization-and-inhibiting-ferroptosis/406554/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exosomal-mir-191-promotes-colorectal-cancer-progression-inducing-m2-macrophage-polarization-and-inhibiting-ferroptosis/406554.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"supergirl","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main purpose of the study on miR-191 in colorectal cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study explores the roles of miR-191 in colorectal cancer and clarifies how exosomal miR-191 influences tumor progression through macrophage behavior and ferroptosis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were M2 macrophage polarization and related markers evaluated?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"After macrophage coculture, polarization was determined by flow cytometry for CD68 and CD163, ELISA for IL-4 and IL-10, western blotting for CHIT3 and arginase-1, and immunofluorescent staining.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What happens to CRC cells when exosomal miR-191 is inhibited?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Inhibiting miR-191 induces ROS production, ferroptosis, and apoptosis in CRC cells and prevents M2 macrophage polarization, thereby weakening CRC development.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},406554,1790788469,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","| W | J | G | O | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Gastrointestinal Oncology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Gastrointest Oncol 2025 December 15; 17(12): 113524  \nDOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i12.113524 ISSN 1948-5204 (online)  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nBasic Study  \nExosomal miR-191 promotes colorectal cancer progression by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and inhibiting ferroptosis  \nQing-Yun Zhao, Shou-Jiang Wei  \nSpecialty type: Oncology  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nUnsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade A, Grade B, Grade B  \nNovelty: Grade A, Grade B, Grade B  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade A, Grade A, Grade B  \nScientific Significance: Grade A, Grade A, Grade A  \nP-Reviewer: Da MX, PhD, China; Huang RR, PhD, Assistant Professor, China; Li AL, Assistant  \nProfessor, China  \nReceived: August 28, 2025  \nRevised: September 17, 2025  \nAccepted: November 6, 2025  \nPublished online: December 15, 2025  \nProcessing time: 106 Days and 0.9 Hours  \nQing-Yun Zhao, Shou-Jiang Wei, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China  \nCorresponding author: Shou-Jiang Wei, MD, Professor, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 Maoyuan Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China.  \n[nsmcwsj@163.com](nsmcwsj@163.com)  \nAbstract  \nBACKGROUND  \nMultiple exosomal microRNAs were reported to have a significant role in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The function and mechanism of exosomal miR-191 in CRC have not been clearly elucidated.  \nAIM  \nTo explore the roles of miR-191 in CRC.  \nMETHODS  \nSupernatant exosomes from CRC cells were extracted and identified. After coculture, macrophage polarization was determined using flow cytometry for the markers cluster of differentiation (CD) 68 and CD163, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, western blotting for chitinase-like protein 3 and arginase-1 expression, and immunofluorescent staining for 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, ferroptosis-related proteins (SLC7A11 and GPX4), and apoptosis were determined with flow cytometry, western blotting, and TUNEL staining. We performed in vivo experiments to determine the function of exosomal miR-191 and M2 macrophage polarization.  \nRESULTS  \nWe successfully isolated exosomes from CRC cells. Inhibition of miR-191 in CRC cells suppressed M2 polarization of macrophages. After coculture of macrophages, inhibition of miR-191 induced ROS production, ferroptosis, and apoptosis of CRC cells. Silencing of exosomal miR-191 from CRC cells prevented M2 polarization of macrophages, and weakened CRC development by inducing ferroptosis. Exosomal miR-191 accelerated cancer progression in CRC nude mice by promoting M2 polarization of macrophages.  \n WJGO  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 15, 2025  Volume 17  Issue 12   \nZhao QY et al. Functions of exosomal miR-191 in CRC  \nCONCLUSION  \nInhibition of exosomal miR-191 attenuated CRC progression by inducing ferroptosis in macrophages. This study revealed a novel mechanism by which exosomal miR-191 modulates the tumor microenvironment.  \nKey Words: Colorectal cancer; MiR-191; Exosome; Macrophages; Ferroptosis; M2 polarization  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \nCore Tip: We successfully isolated exosomes from colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Inhibition of miR-191 in CRC cells suppressed M2 polarization of macrophages. After coculture of macrophages, inhibition of miR-191 induced reactive oxygen species production, ferroptosis, and apop","cbCaigEuwAmwm5C6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigEuwAmwm5C6","pdf",11624515,15,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Aim\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Key Words\n# Core Tip\n# Citation","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study on miR-191 in colorectal cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The study explores the roles of miR-191 in colorectal cancer and clarifies how exosomal miR-191 influences tumor progression through macrophage behavior and ferroptosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How were M2 macrophage polarization and related markers evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"After macrophage coculture, polarization was determined by flow cytometry for CD68 and CD163, ELISA for IL-4 and IL-10, western blotting for CHIT3 and arginase-1, and immunofluorescent staining.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens to CRC cells when exosomal miR-191 is inhibited?\",\"answer\":\"Inhibiting miR-191 induces ROS production, ferroptosis, and apoptosis in CRC cells and prevents M2 macrophage polarization, thereby weakening CRC development.\"}]","Exosomal miR-191 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression - Inducing M2 Macrophage Polarization and Inhibiting Ferroptosis | PDF",1790566409,38]