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This narrative review searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase for studies published from 1992 onward, ultimately including 58 relevant publications. The synthesis summarizes how exercise training alters gut microbiota composition and function, improving systemic insulin sensitivity and metabolic disturbances through pathways such as bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid production, lipopolysaccharide reduction, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exercise-intervention-regulates-gut-microbiota-to-improve-type-2-diabetes-a-narrative-review-of-the-mechanisms/454862/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/exercise-intervention-regulates-gut-microbiota-to-improve-type-2-diabetes-a-narrative-review-of-the-mechanisms/454862.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Pentious","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main purpose of this narrative review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which exercise modulates gut microbiota to ameliorate T2DM.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was the literature selected for the review?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase for literature published from 1992 to the present, resulting in inclusion of 58 relevant publications.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which mechanisms are highlighted for how exercise improves T2DM via the gut microbiome?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Exercise training is summarized as improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic disturbances through bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid production, lipopolysaccharide reduction, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},454862,1790871658,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1374404730887,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","OPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nKrista Austin,  \nPerformance & Nutrition Coaching, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nTing Yao,  \nXi'an Jiaotong University, China Sohini Raje,  \nManipal Academy of Higher Education, India  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nZhiyi Lin  \n [zhiyilin_@outlook.com](zhiyilin_@outlook.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship  \nRECEIVED 03 September 2025  \nREVISED 01 December 2025  \nACCEPTED 04 December 2025  \nPUBLISHED 24 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nFang Y, Cai Y, Chen X and Lin Z (2025)  \nExercise intervention regulates gut microbiota to improve type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the mechanisms.  \nFront. Nutr. 12:1698112 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1698112  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Fang, Cai, Chen and Lin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nTYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 24 December 2025 DOI 10.3389/fnut.2025.1698112  \nExercise intervention regulates gut microbiota to improve type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the mechanisms  \nYifan Fang 1†, Yiwen Cai 2†, Xumin Chen3 and Zhiyi Lin4*  \n1School of Physical Education and Health Science, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China, 2College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, 3College of Medical Imaging, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, 4College of Physical Education and Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China  \nBackground: The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . Concurrently, exercise intervention has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological strategy for T2DM management, potentially mediated through gut microbiome modulation. Methods: This narrative review searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase for literature published from 1992 to the present, ultimately including 58 relevant publications. The focus was on elucidating the physiological mechanisms by which exercise modulates gut microbiota to ameliorate T2DM.  \nResults: Our synthesis indicates that exercise training beneficially alters gut microbiota composition and function, which in turn enhances systemic insulin sensitivity and improves metabolic disturbances in T2DM. These improvements are mediated through multiple pathways, including bile acid metabolism, shortchain fatty acid production, lipopolysaccharide reduction, and branched chain amino acid catabolism. The effects of exercise on the gut microbiome are influenced by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and type, suggesting the need for individualized regimens.  \nConclusion: Exercise intervention improves T2DM by modulating gut microbiota via several mechanistic pathways. Future research should prioritize personalized exercise prescriptions, larger sample sizes, integrated multi-omics approaches, and exploration of combined interventions with diet or medication to optimize T2DM prevention and treatment.  \nKEYWORDS  \nexercise intervention, gut microbiota, mechanisms, narrative review, type 2 diabetes mellitus  \n1 Introduction  \nType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Its pathogenesis is linked to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, islet hypoplasia, chronic inflammation, and other determinants ( 1) . Concurrent with global economic development and rising living standards, the worldwide incidence ofT2DM has demonstrated a consistent upward trend. A recent international study on diabetes reported that the global prevalence of diabetes surged from 3.2% in 1990 to 6.1% in 2021, representing","cbCaimWUZYCSF3vB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimWUZYCSF3vB","pdf",1069888,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on T2DM and insulin resistance\n## Gut microbiota and diabetes pathogenesis\n# Methods\n## Literature search and inclusion criteria\n# Results\n## Exercise-driven microbiota changes and metabolic effects\n## Mechanistic pathways and influencing factors\n# Conclusion\n## Future directions and research priorities","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this narrative review?\",\"answer\":\"To elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which exercise modulates gut microbiota to ameliorate T2DM.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the literature selected for the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase for literature published from 1992 to the present, resulting in inclusion of 58 relevant publications.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mechanisms are highlighted for how exercise improves T2DM via the gut microbiome?\",\"answer\":\"Exercise training is summarized as improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic disturbances through bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid production, lipopolysaccharide reduction, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism.\"}]","Exercise intervention regulates gut microbiota to improve type 2 diabetes - a narrative review of the mechanisms | PDF",1790741526,28]