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The objective assessed cancer incidence, with focus on prostate and breast cancers, in male androgen users compared with age-matched controls. Methods used a Danish nationwide anti-doping testing program to identify users between 2006 and 2018, then followed the cohort through June 2023, recording malignancies excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Results showed no prostate or breast cancer cases and an overall comparable incidence rate ratio.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/excessive-androgen-exposure-and-risk-of-malignancies-a-cohort-study/337247/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/excessive-androgen-exposure-and-risk-of-malignancies-a-cohort-study/337247.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What cancer outcomes were evaluated in this cohort study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study assessed incidence of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and any cancer excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. A secondary outcome examined survival after any cancer diagnosis excluding non-melanoma skin cancers.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were androgen users and controls selected?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Male androgen users were identified through a Danish nationwide anti-doping testing program in fitness centers from 2006 to 2018. Each user was paired with 50 age-matched male controls selected randomly, using the Danish Civil Registration System.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Did androgen users show an increased cancer risk compared with controls?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"No. The study found an overall incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.55–1.81) and none of the androgen users were diagnosed with prostate or breast cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},337247,1790119030,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","DOI: 10.1111/andr.13648  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nExcessive androgen exposure and risk of malignancies: A cohort study  \nIda M. Heerfordt1   Josefine Windfeld-Mathiasen1  Kim Peder Dalhoff1, 2  Jon Trærup Andersen1, 2  Henrik Horwitz1, 2  \n1 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark  \n2 Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark  \nCorrespondence  \nIda Marie Heerfordt, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400  \nCopenhagen NV, Denmark.  \nEmail: [ida.marie.heerfordt@regionh.dk](ida.marie.heerfordt@regionh.dk)  \nFunding information  \nAnti-Doping Denmark  \nAbstract  \nBackground: A link between androgen use and the risk of cancers, especially prostate and breast cancer, has been suggested. The knowledge about a possible association is limited.  \nObjective: The study aimed to investigate cancer incidence rates, particularly those related to prostate and breast cancer, in male androgen users and compare them to a control group.  \nMethods: We included male androgen users identified through a nationwide antidoping testing program in Danish fitness centers from 2006 to 2018. We paired each case with 50 male controls of the same age, selected randomly. The cohort was followed from baseline and until2023. The outcome was the incidence of prostate cancer, breast cancer, or any cancer excluding non-melanoma skin cancer.  \nResults: The study included 1,189 androgen users and 59,450 controls, with a mean age of 27 years at enrolment. During the follow-up period with a mean length of 11 years, 13 androgen users, and 612 controls were diagnosed with cancer. This resulted inan incidence rate ratio of1.05(95%CI:0.55–1.81). None of the androgen users were diagnosed with prostate or breast cancer.  \nDiscussion and conclusion: Male androgen users did not face an increased short-term risk of cancer, neither overall nor related to prostate or breast cancer. Our study indicates that the absolute risk of malignancies in androgen users is comparable to that in the background population. However, we cannot exclude androgens as a cancer risk factor duetothe limited sample size, relatively short follow-up period, and subject age.  \nKEYWORDS  \nanabolic androgenic steroids, bodybuilding, cancer incidence, cohort study, testosterone  \n1  INTRODUCTION  \nAndrogenic anabolic steroids, hereafter referred to as androgens, exert a profound impact on the hormonal balance in humans. 1,2 Bodybuilders  \nusing androgens often administer high amounts of testosterone, resulting in blood testosterone levels that exceed the typical physiological range by 5–10 times. 1,3 High doses of exogenous androgens suppress the normal hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. 1,3 Bodybuilders who  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2024 The Authors. Andrology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.  \nHEERFORDT ET AL.  \nuse these substances can develop low levels of gonadotropins, along with multifold elevated levels of free testosterone and estradiol. 1,3 Gynecomastia, a frequent issue among bodybuilders using androgens, is likely attributable to elevated levels of estrogen2,4 and elevated levels of estrogen have been associatedwith male breast cancer.5,6 Furthermore, some studies suggest a potential association between high levels of free testosterone and an increased risk of prostate cancer7,8 just like the antiandrogenic therapy has proven to bean effective treatment for prostate cancer.9 Consequently, we hypothesized that the use of androgens could be linked to an elevated risk of developing neoplastic disorders in these two organs. To the best of our knowledge, the risk of malignancies associated with th","cbCaip6gVryYyAhs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip6gVryYyAhs","pdf",342049,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Design and Outcomes\n## Study Population and Registries","[{\"question\":\"What cancer outcomes were evaluated in this cohort study?\",\"answer\":\"The study assessed incidence of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and any cancer excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. A secondary outcome examined survival after any cancer diagnosis excluding non-melanoma skin cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"How were androgen users and controls selected?\",\"answer\":\"Male androgen users were identified through a Danish nationwide anti-doping testing program in fitness centers from 2006 to 2018. Each user was paired with 50 age-matched male controls selected randomly, using the Danish Civil Registration System.\"},{\"question\":\"Did androgen users show an increased cancer risk compared with controls?\",\"answer\":\"No. The study found an overall incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.55–1.81) and none of the androgen users were diagnosed with prostate or breast cancer.\"}]","Excessive androgen exposure and risk of malignancies - A cohort study | PDF",1790018315,15]