[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126473-en":3,"doc-seo-126473-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126473,962084925290,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Examining the Meaning of “Violence” Through Machine Learning Techniques","This paper examines how “violence” is understood in contemporary Western societies, arguing that the term has expanded beyond traditional references to crime and war. Using the Netherlands as a case study, the research applies machine learning to 80,000 newspaper articles from 2012 to 2021 to study discourse patterns. Findings identify a traditional component alongside growing associations with societal challenges, including social media debate, political polarization, and social injustice affecting ethnic minorities, women, and the LGBT+ community.","Examining the Meaning of “Violence” Through Machine Learning Techniques  \nCitation for published version (APA):  \nvan Breen, J. , Rijcken, E. , Kantorowicz, J. , & Liem, M. (2025) . Examining the Meaning of “Violence” Through Machine Learning Techniques. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 40(21-22), 5072-5094.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241301793](https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241301793)  \nDocument license:  \nCC BY-NC  \nDOI:  \n10.1177/08862605241301793  \nDocument status and date:  \nPublished: 01/11/2025  \nDocument Version:  \nPublisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers)  \nPlease check the document version of this publication:  \n• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.  \n• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.  \n• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.  \nLink to publication  \nGeneral rights  \nCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.  \n• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  \n• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  \n• You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.  \nIf the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:  \n[www.tue.nl/taverne](www.tue.nl/taverne)  \nTake down policy  \nIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at:  \n[openaccess@tue.nl](openaccess@tue.nl)  \nproviding details and we will investigate your claim.  \nDownload date: 28. Apr. 2026  \nOriginal Research  \nExamining the Meaning of “Violence” Through Machine Learning Techniques  \nJournal of Interpersonal Violence 2025, Vol. 40(21-22) 5072–5094 © The Author(s) 2024  \nArticle reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/08862605241301793](DOI: 10.1177/08862605241301793)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/08862605241301793)[journals.sagepub.com/home/jiv](journals.sagepub.com/home/jiv)  \nJolien van Breen 1, Emil Rijcken2,  \nJaroslaw Kantorowicz 1,3, and Marieke Liem 1  \nAbstract  \nThis paper examines the meaning of violence in contemporary Western societies. Scholars have argued that in contemporary Western societies, the concept is expanding toward a broader understanding of violence, beyond its “traditional” usage in the context of crime and war. The current paper aims to generate empirical evidence that speaks to this question. We take the Netherlands as a case study and apply machine learning techniques to discourse on violence in 80,000 articles published in national newspapers between 2012 and 2021. Results show that the public discourse on violence in the Netherlands has a component that can be described as the familiar or “traditional” usage of the term violence—referring to violent political conflicts, or interpersonal violence such as child abuse. Beyond this, the term violence is associated with discourse on societal challenges. It appears in discourse on social media, political polarization, and social injustice faced by ethnic minorities, women, and the LGBT+ community. The later stages of the","cbCaifYXQYf1Epek","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifYXQYf1Epek","pdf",484739,10,1,24,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Research aim and approach\n## Data and methods\n## Findings and interpretation\n## Implications for understanding violence","[{\"question\":\"What core question does the paper address about “violence”?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates what “violence” means in contemporary Western societies and provides empirical evidence on whether the concept is broadening beyond crime and war.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the authors study discourse on violence?\",\"answer\":\"They analyze machine-learning-based patterns in 80,000 articles from Dutch national newspapers published between 2012 and 2021.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about how the term “violence” is used?\",\"answer\":\"The discourse contains a traditional component and also links “violence” to societal challenges, including social injustice topics that become more closely associated over 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