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This descriptive study investigates how college students’ explicit emotions and implicit emotions toward images of breastfeeding in public relate to their stated intention to support public breastfeeding. Twenty-two participants viewed breastfeeding images with fully covered, fully exposed, or partially exposed breasts. Explicit emotions were self-reported via questionnaire, while implicit emotions were captured using FaceReader facial-expression measures. Correlation and regression analyses assessed whether these emotion types predict support intentions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/examination-of-explicit-and-implicit-emotions-and-relationship-with-the-intention-to-support-breastfeeding-in-public-breastfeeding-intention-study/460433/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/examination-of-explicit-and-implicit-emotions-and-relationship-with-the-intention-to-support-breastfeeding-in-public-breastfeeding-intention-study/460433.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main goal regarding emotions and public breastfeeding?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examined whether college students’ explicit and implicit emotions toward breastfeeding-in-public images are associated with their intention to support public breastfeeding.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were explicit and implicit emotions measured in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Explicit emotions were collected through a self-report questionnaire after viewing each image. Implicit emotions were measured from facial expressions using FaceReader technology.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which emotion type appeared to predict intention to support public breastfeeding?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The findings indicate that explicit emotions were associated more strongly with stated intentions to support public breastfeeding than implicit emotions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},460433,1791431026,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Korean J Community Nutr 28(2): 114~123, 2023 [https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.2.114](https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.2.114)[ ](https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.2.114)[ISSN 2951-3146](ISSN 2951-3146) (on-line)  \nExamination of explicit and implicit emotions and relationship with the intention to support breastfeeding in public: a descriptive study  \nKatilin D. Overgaard1), Lauren M. Dinour2), Adrian L. Kerrihard2), Yeon K. Bai3)†  \n1)Graduate Assistant, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, USA  \n2)Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, USA  \n3)Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, USA  \n†Corresponding author  \nYeon K. Bai  \nDepartment of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043  \nTel: +1-973-655-3220  \n[E-mail: baiy@montclair.edu](E-mail: baiy@montclair.edu)  \n[Received: March 30](Received: March 30), 2023  \nRevised: April 23, 2023  \nAccepted: April 25, 2023  \nABSTRACT  \nObjectives: Current social norms in the United States do not favor breastfeeding in public. This study examined associations between college students’ explicit and implicit emotions of breastfeeding in public and their intention to support public breastfeeding.  \nMethods: Twenty-two student participants viewed images of a breastfeeding woman with a fully-covered, fully-exposed, or partially-exposed breast in a public setting. After viewing each image, participants’ explicit emotions (self-reported) of the image were measured using a questionnaire and their implicit emotions (facial expression) were measured using FaceReader technology. We examined if a relationship exists between both emotions [toward images] and intention to support breastfeeding in public using correlation techniques. We determined the relative influence of two emotions on the intention to support breastfeeding in public using regression analyses.  \nResults: The nursing images depicting a fully-covered breast (r = 0.425, P =0.049 vs. r = 0.271, P = 0.222) and fully-exposed breast (r = 0.437, P = 0.042 vs. r = 0.317, P = 0.150) had stronger associations with explicit emotions and intention to support breastfeeding in public compared to implicit emotions and intention. Breastfeeding knowledge was associated with a positive explicit emotion for images with partial- (β = 0.60, P = 0.003) and full-breast exposure (β = 0.65, P = 0.002).  \nConclusions: Explicit emotions appear to drive stated intentions to support public breastfeeding. Further research is needed to understand the disconnect between explicit and implicit emotions, the factors that influence these emotions, and whether stated intentions lead to consistent behavior.  \nKEY WORDS breastfeeding, public support, emotions, FaceReader, social norms  \nⓒ 2023 Korean Society of Community Nutrition  \nThis is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0](creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n[https://kjcn.or.kr/](https://kjcn.or.kr/ 114)[ 114](https://kjcn.or.kr/ 114)  \n\n| Introduction |\n| --- |\n| Human milk is the ideal food for most infants and provides an immense amount of health benefits for the infant and parent [1]. However, current breastfeeding rates in the United States are suboptimal. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report a high initiation rate of 4 out of 5 children (83.2%) breastfeeding at birth, but there is a steady decline of infants being exclusively breastfed at 3 and 6 months [2]. Aside from personal and medical reasons, research has shown lack of family support and cultural norms are among the barriers to continued breastfeeding [3, 4].\u003Cbr>Rece","cbCaikZVrrNKim0K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikZVrrNKim0K","pdf",201026,"English","# Introduction\n## Human milk and breastfeeding rates in the United States\n## Barriers and the role of societal support\n## Prior research on attitudes and emotions toward public breastfeeding\n# Methods\n## Participant task and image conditions\n## Measurement of explicit and implicit emotions\n## Statistical analyses (correlation and regression)\n# Results\n## Associations of emotions and intention by exposure level\n## Role of breastfeeding knowledge\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main goal regarding emotions and public breastfeeding?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined whether college students’ explicit and implicit emotions toward breastfeeding-in-public images are associated with their intention to support public breastfeeding.\"},{\"question\":\"How were explicit and implicit emotions measured in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Explicit emotions were collected through a self-report questionnaire after viewing each image. Implicit emotions were measured from facial expressions using FaceReader technology.\"},{\"question\":\"Which emotion type appeared to predict intention to support public breastfeeding?\",\"answer\":\"The findings indicate that explicit emotions were associated more strongly with stated intentions to support public breastfeeding than implicit emotions.\"}]","Examination of explicit and implicit emotions and relationship with the intention to support breastfeeding in public - Breastfeeding intention study | PDF",1790758457,25]