[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-461410-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-461410-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","evolution-of-coronary-stents-from-birth-to-future-trends","Evolution of Coronary Stents: From Birth to Future Trends","","Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, affecting more than 300 million people. Over the past two decades, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become central to CAD treatment through implantation of coronary stents. This review traces how coronary stents emerged and evolved from balloon angioplasty to bare-metal and drug-eluting platforms, explaining how each step reduced restenosis, thrombosis, and repeat revascularization. It also evaluates key technologies, highlights remaining challenges, and links the historical trajectory to current PCI practice and future device innovation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/evolution-of-coronary-stents-from-birth-to-future-trends/461410/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/evolution-of-coronary-stents-from-birth-to-future-trends/461410.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Well Done","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-11","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What central role do coronary stents play in CAD treatment?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Coronary stents are implanted during PCI, which has become a cornerstone of CAD therapy. Their purpose is to improve outcomes compared with earlier strategies by addressing vessel narrowing and reducing adverse events.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the review describe the evolution of stent technology?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It traces development from balloon angioplasty to bare-metal stents and then to drug-eluting stents. The review emphasizes how each generation addressed clinical shortcomings such as restenosis and thrombosis.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What methods and databases were used to conduct the review?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review is a narrative literature review following published methodological recommendations. It searches PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and also includes conference proceedings, regulatory reports, industry white papers, and reference lists.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},461410,1790812878,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},5909892210082,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/56001069da27c9f41e8?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789614185077863061","Review  \nEvolution of Coronary Stents: From Birth to Future Trends  \nZhuo Huang 1,2, Charles Skarbek 1,2,3, Yulin Li 4,5, Joseph Touma 6,7, Pascal Desgranges 6,7, Romain Gallet 7,8 and Jean Sénémaud 1,6,7, *  \nAcademic Editors: Gregory Y. H. Lip and Ki-Chul Sung  \nReceived: 13 November 2025  \nRevised: 12 December 2025  \nAccepted: 17 December 2025  \nPublished: 21 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Inserm U1148, 75018 Paris, France;  \n[zhuo.huang@inserm.fr](zhuo.huang@inserm.fr) (Z.H.)  \n2 Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France  \n3 AlchiMedics S.A.S., 75008 Paris, France  \n4 Emergency Department, Pitié-Salpêtière Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris,  \n75013 Paris, France  \n5 Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China  \n6 Department of Vascular Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hopitaux de Paris, 1 Rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000 Créteil, France  \n7 Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Est-Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France  \n8 Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hopitaux de Paris, 94000 Créteil, France  \n* [Correspondence: jeannicolas.senemaud@aphp.fr](Correspondence: jeannicolas.senemaud@aphp.fr); Tel.: +33-142-518-002  \nAbstract  \nCoronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, affecting more than 300 million people. Over the past two decades, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the cornerstone of CAD treatment, involving the implantation of coronary stents. This review clarifies how coronary stents emerged, evolved, and ultimately reshaped modern interventional cardiology. Beginning with balloon angioplasty and progressing through bare-metal and drug-eluting stents, we show how each advancement solved key clinical shortcomings—dramatically reducing restenosis, thrombosis, and repeat revascularization. We further review the major technological advances driving modern stent development, such as biodegradable alloys and biomimetic coatings. We also highlight the remaining challenges, including long-term stability, manufacturing complexity, and limited translational readiness. Together, these elements support our central thesis: that the historical evolution of coronary stents is fundamental to understanding present PCI practice and to guiding the next phase of device innovation.  \nKeywords: coronary artery disease; percutaneous coronary intervention; coronary stents; stent coating; stent functionalization; personalized devices  \n1. Introduction  \nCoronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, affecting 315 million people worldwide in 2022 [1] . The primary pathological mechanism of CAD is atherosclerosis, a progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques and chronic inflammation within the vascular wall [2,3] . Over time, these plaques lead to stenosis, restricting blood flow and increasing the risk of major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction (MI) [4], stroke and lower limb loss, with significant rates of mortality and disabling complications in survivors. The landscape of atherosclerosis has changed, as it now involves younger patients and more women than before [5] . Over the past decade, the frequency of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has risen by 62% in Korea and approximately 300% in China [6,7], with growth rates of  \n15.8% in the USA and 35.9% in Ireland [8,9] . In parallel, the global stent market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 3.7%, reaching $18.46 billion by 2030 [10], highlighting the need for sophisticated and durable arterial stent grafts.  \nOver the past few decades, coronary stents have undergone continuous","cbCaifPpyjrzLBNu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifPpyjrzLBNu","pdf",1143366,27,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Methods\n## 2.1. Literature Searching Strategy\n## 2.2. Inclusion Criteria","[{\"question\":\"What central role do coronary stents play in CAD treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Coronary stents are implanted during PCI, which has become a cornerstone of CAD therapy. Their purpose is to improve outcomes compared with earlier strategies by addressing vessel narrowing and reducing adverse events.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review describe the evolution of stent technology?\",\"answer\":\"It traces development from balloon angioplasty to bare-metal stents and then to drug-eluting stents. The review emphasizes how each generation addressed clinical shortcomings such as restenosis and thrombosis.\"},{\"question\":\"What methods and databases were used to conduct the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review is a narrative literature review following published methodological recommendations. It searches PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and also includes conference proceedings, regulatory reports, industry white papers, and reference lists.\"}]","Evolution of Coronary Stents: From Birth to Future Trends | PDF",1790761538,68]