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This study examines whether nano-bubbles persist and how they stabilize after generation. Nano-sized particles were detected by dynamic light scattering for days with pure oxygen and for under 1 h with air. NMR spin–lattice relaxation times in manganese ion solutions increased, indicating a gas–liquid interface adsorbing ions, while zeta potential showed stable charged interfaces, supporting long-lasting nano-bubbles.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/evidence-of-the-existence-and-the-stability-of-nano-bubbles-in-water/141069/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/evidence-of-the-existence-and-the-stability-of-nano-bubbles-in-water/141069.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-13","2026-08-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the study detect the presence of nano-bubbles after generation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used to detect nano-sized particles by monitoring Brownian motion after bubble generation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What experimental signals indicate stabilization mechanisms beyond dissolved oxygen?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"NMR spin–lattice relaxation time increases with micro-/nano-bubbles in manganese ion solutions, and zeta potential measurements indicate stable electrically charged gas–liquid interfaces.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Does the persistence time differ between oxygen-generated bubbles and air-generated bubbles?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Yes. Nano-sized particles persist for days when pure oxygen generates the bubbles, while for air bubbles they persist for less than 1 hour.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},141069,1787648432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},2336464648322,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488","G Model  \nCOLSUA-16353; No. of Pages 7  \nARTICLE IN PRESS  \nColloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects xxx (2010) xxx–xxx  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nColloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www . elsevier. com/locate/colsurfa)[ www . elsevier. com/locate/colsurfa](homepage: www . elsevier. com/locate/colsurfa)  \nEvidence of the existence and the stability of nano-bubbles in water  \nFernanda Yumi Ushikubo a , Takuro Furukawa a , Ryou Nakagawa a , Masatoshi Enari a , Yoshio Makino a , Yoshinori Kawagoe a , Takeo Shiina b , Seiichi Oshita a,∗  \na Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan  \nb Distribution Engineering Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan  \na b s t r a c t  \nAlthough micro-and nano-bubble technology has been attracting attention in many fields, the state of water after the introduction of those bubbles is still not clear. In this study, the existence and stabilization of nano-bubbles after the generation of bubbles were investigated. The presence of nano-sized particles was detected through dynamic light scattering for days, when pure oxygen was used to generate the bubbles, and for less than 1 h, in the case of air bubbles. NMR spin–lattice relaxation time increased with the introduction of micro-and nano-bubbles in manganese ions solution, indicating the presence of a gas–liquid interface which adsorbed the manganese ions. Furthermore, the zeta potential measured in the water after the introduction of oxygen micro-and nano-bubbles was in the range from − 45 mV to − 34 mV and from − 20 mV to −17 mV in water bubbled with air, indicating the presence of stable electrically charged particles. This study suggested a strong possibility of the existence of nano-bubbles in water for a long time. The stability of nano-bubbles is supported by the electrically charged liquid–gas interface, which creates repulsion forces that prevent the bubble coalescence, and by the high dissolved gas concentration in the water, which keeps a small concentration gradient between the interface and the bulk liquid.  \n© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.  \n1. Introduction  \nMicro-and nano-bubbles (in this study, referred to as “MNB”) present characteristics that make them special in relation to the ordinary bubbles (macro-bubbles) because of their reduced diameter size. Some of the advantages of the MNB are their high specific area (surface area per volume) and the high stagnation in the liquid phase, which increase the gas dissolution. Moreover, it was reported that when micro-bubbles collapse, free-radical generation occurs, due to the high density of ions in gas–liquid interface just before the collapse [1].  \nThere are applications of MNB in different fields, which include the water treatment by flotation [2,3], taking advantage of the high specific area of MNB; the sterilization using ozone gas [4], which has its dissolution increased with MNB generation; contrast agent for ultrasonography [5] and the possible use in food industry for foam products, carbonated drinks and as a nutritional supplement carrier [6], in which bubble stability is desired.  \nFurthermore, the use of MNB in water was reported to be effective for the acceleration of metabolism in shellfishesand vegetables [7,8], as well as in aerobic cultivation of yeast [9], accelerating the  \n∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 35 841 5362; fax: +81 35 841 8174. E-mail address: [aoshita@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp](aoshita@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp) (S. Oshita).  \ngrowth and increasing the yield of the products. This effectiveness, however, cannot be explained only by the increase of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration [8], using MNB in the solution for the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce, observed acceleration in growth in comparison with lettuce grown in solution containing similar DO concen","cbCaipPElmrCx0eo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipPElmrCx0eo","pdf",449531,"English","# Introduction\n## Rationale and applications of micro- and nano-bubbles\n## Methods: DLS, zeta potential, and NMR spectroscopy","[{\"question\":\"How does the study detect the presence of nano-bubbles after generation?\",\"answer\":\"Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used to detect nano-sized particles by monitoring Brownian motion after bubble generation.\"},{\"question\":\"What experimental signals indicate stabilization mechanisms beyond dissolved oxygen?\",\"answer\":\"NMR spin–lattice relaxation time increases with micro-/nano-bubbles in manganese ion solutions, and zeta potential measurements indicate stable electrically charged gas–liquid interfaces.\"},{\"question\":\"Does the persistence time differ between oxygen-generated bubbles and air-generated bubbles?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. Nano-sized particles persist for days when pure oxygen generates the bubbles, while for air bubbles they persist for less than 1 hour.\"}]","Evidence of the existence and the stability of nano-bubbles in water | PDF",18]