[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599049-105":59,"doc-detail-599049-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","everything-online-is-a-website-information-format-confusion-in-student-citation-behaviors","Everything Online is a Website - Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors","","Effectively citing information sources underpins students’ avoidance of plagiarism and participation in scholarly exchange, yet many struggle to distinguish and cite diverse online information formats. The study examines the prevalence of citation problems at one university, analyzing common error patterns in how students represent items retrieved online. Findings support identifying which information literacy objectives can strengthen citation accuracy and improve instructional practice for future writing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/everything-online-is-a-website-information-format-confusion-in-student-citation-behaviors/599049/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/everything-online-is-a-website-information-format-confusion-in-student-citation-behaviors/599049.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"kopisore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What citation problems does the study focus on?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examines difficulties students have distinguishing and citing online information formats. It also addresses frequent errors such as citing items as websites and producing incomplete or inaccurate citations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Where was the research conducted and who were the participants?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The authors investigated citation patterns among undergraduates in writing-intensive courses at Oakland University.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the study connect to information literacy instruction?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The research seeks common error patterns to determine which information literacy objectives could inform future studies and improve citation skills through instructional practice.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599049,1792210528,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090880963,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Communications in Information Literacy  \n\n| Volume 12 | Issue 2 | Article 6 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 9-13-2018\u003Cbr>Everything Online is a Website: Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors\u003Cbr>Katie Greer\u003Cbr>Oakland University, [greer@oakland.edu](greer@oakland.edu)[ ](greer@oakland.edu)Shawn McCann\u003Cbr>Oakland University, [mccann@oakland.edu](mccann@oakland.edu)\u003Cbr>Let us knowhow access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/comminfolit](https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/comminfolit) |  |\n\nRecommended Citation  \nGreer, K., & McCann, S. (2018). Everything Online is a Website: Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors. Communications in Information Literacy, 12 (2), 150-165. [https://doi.org/10.15760/comminfolit.2018.12.2.6](https://doi.org/10.15760/comminfolit.2018.12.2.6)  \nThis Research Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communications in Information Literacy by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, [please contact](please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu)[ pdxscholar@pdx.edu](please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu).  \nGreer and McCann: Everything online is a website  \n 150  COMMUNICATIONS IN INFORMATION LITERACY | VOL. 12, NO. 2, 2018  \nEverything Online is a Website: Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors  \nKatie Greer, Oakland University  \nShawn McCann, Oakland University  \nAbstract  \nThe ability to effectively cite information sources is key to both student avoidance of plagiarism and the ongoing scholarly conversation. Previous research and experience indicated that students had significant trouble distinguishing and citing various information formats when viewed online; items are often cited as websites, and citations are incomplete or contain erroneous and extraneous information. The authors investigated the prevalence of these problems at their university, seeking out common patterns in the data to determine what, if any, information literacy objectives may be useful for future studies and  \ninstructional practice.  \nKeywords: bibliographic citations; information formats; information literacy  \nGreer, K. & McCann, S. (2018). Everything Online is a Website: Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors. Communications in Information Literacy, 12(2), 150-165.  \nCopyright for articles published in Communications in Information Literacy is retained by the author(s). Author(s) also extend to Communications in Information Literacy the right to redistribute this article via other scholarly resources and bibliographic databases. This extension allows the authors'copyrighted content to be included in some databases that are distributed and maintained by for-profit companies. All other rights of redistribution are licensed by Communications in Information Literacy under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BYNC-SA 4 .0) .  \nGreer & McCann  \nEverything Online is a Website Published by PDXScholar, 2018  \n[ ARTICLE ]  \nCommunications in Information Literacy, Vol. 12, Iss. 2 [2018], Art. 6  \nCOMMUNICATIONS IN INFORMATION LITERACY | VOL. 12, NO. 2, 2018  151   \nEverything Online is a Website: Information Format  \nConfusion in Student Citation Behaviors  \nIntroduction  \nStudents must effectively use and cite information sources in order to succeed academically and to learn to participate in the scholarly conversation. Through experience working with students in the classroom and online, the authors have noticed students struggling to create citations for online materials such as journal articles, e-books, and websites. For example, students often cite a journal retrieved from a database as a website. These observations combined with previous research (Greer, 2016) informed the development of this study, which investigates patterns of errors related to citing online sources among undergraduatesin writing-","cbCaifEwIwo4HUue","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifEwIwo4HUue","pdf",854532,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Literature Review","[{\"question\":\"What citation problems does the study focus on?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines difficulties students have distinguishing and citing online information formats. It also addresses frequent errors such as citing items as websites and producing incomplete or inaccurate citations.\"},{\"question\":\"Where was the research conducted and who were the participants?\",\"answer\":\"The authors investigated citation patterns among undergraduates in writing-intensive courses at Oakland University.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study connect to information literacy instruction?\",\"answer\":\"The research seeks common error patterns to determine which information literacy objectives could inform future studies and improve citation skills through instructional practice.\"}]","Everything Online is a Website - Information Format Confusion in Student Citation Behaviors | PDF",1792088076,43]