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This study examines ACTFL listening and reading proficiency levels of 225 adult Duolingo learners who completed beginning-level Spanish or French using Duolingo as their only tool and had little or no prior target-language knowledge. Learners reached Intermediate Low in reading and Novice High in listening, with scores comparable to university students at the end of the fourth semester, indicating Duolingo’s potential effectiveness for foreign language learning.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/evaluating-the-reading-and-listening-outcomes-of-beginning-level-duolingo-courses/459474/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/evaluating-the-reading-and-listening-outcomes-of-beginning-level-duolingo-courses/459474.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"cksankcs","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-11","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What language skills does this study assess for Duolingo learners?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It assesses listening and reading proficiency only, using ACTFL proficiency levels.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Who were the participants in the Duolingo study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study includes 225 adult learners living in the United States who completed beginning-level Spanish or French on Duolingo and had little to no prior proficiency.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What proficiency outcomes did learners reach by the end of the beginning-level courses?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Duolingo learners reached Intermediate Low in reading and Novice High in listening.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},459474,1790840835,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747882755,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","DOI: 10.1111/flan.12600  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nEvaluating thereading andlistening outcomes of beginning‐level Duolingo courses  \nXiangying Jiang1 | Joseph Rollinson1 | Luke Plonsky2 | Erin Gustafson1 | Bozena Pajak1  \nThe Challenge  \nAs more and more learners use digital apps to learn languages, it is important for the field of language learning to understand the effectiveness of these apps. This article presents the listening and reading proficiency of Duolingo learners when they reach the end of its beginning‐level Spanish and French courses.  \n1Duolingo, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2Department of English, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA  \nCorrespondence  \nXiangying Jiang, Duolingo, 5900 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.  \nEmail: [xiangying@duolingo.com](xiangying@duolingo.com)  \nAbstract  \nDuolingo is a commercial language‐teaching platform that offers free courses on the web and on mobile apps. This study reports the ACTFL listening and reading proficiency levels of adult Duolingo learners who had completed beginning‐level courses in Spanish or French. The participants (n = 225) were learners residing in the United States, had little to no prior proficiency in the target language, and used Duolingo as their only learning tool. The Duolingo learners reached Intermediate Low in reading and Novice High in listening. No other skills were assessed. Their reading and listening scores were comparable with those of university students at the end of the fourth semester of study. The findings of the study suggest that Duolingo can be an effective tool for foreign language learning.  \nKEYWORD S  \nDuolingo, efficacy, foreign language, listening proficiency, reading proficiency  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2022 The Authors. Foreign Language Annals published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of ACTFL.  \nForeign Language Ann. 2022;1–[29. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/flan](29. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/flan | 1)[ |](29. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/flan | 1)[ 1](29. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/flan | 1)  \n1 | INTRODUCTION  \nOnline language courses, offered both by educational institutions and by commercial organizations, have seen accelerated growth in recent years. Some claim that online courses provide a valid alternative to face‐to‐face language classrooms, while many in the language education community remain skeptical (Lin & Warschauer, 2015) and demand “solid research studies in refereed sources comparing the language proficiency outcomes of online and face‐to‐face programs”(Tarone, 2015, p. 392) .  \nThis paper aims to address the existing gap in the literature by investigating the proficiency outcomes of the second language (L2) learners using Duolingo. Duolingo is a commercial language‐teaching platform that offers free1 online courses available on the web and on mobile apps. The specific goals of the present study were: (1) to evaluate—using standardized tests—the listening and reading proficiency levels of Duolingo users who learned with Duolingo only and completed the beginning‐level Spanish or French courses,(2) to determine the amount of time they took to reach the end of the beginning‐level course content, and (3) to compare their proficiency scores with those of university students in US‐based language programs. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the kinds of target language gains that can be expected using one particular app‐based program of study, Duolingo, both generally and as compared to the more familiar context of university‐based language programs.  \n2 | LITERATURE REVIEW  \n2.1 | Online language learning and classroom language instruction Most of the research on online language learning compares it with learning in a face‐to‐face classroom environment. Under the umbrella term of online langu","cbCainHFZYYYSa99","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainHFZYYYSa99","pdf",1514546,29,"English","# Introduction\n## Online language courses and the face-to-face comparison\n## Study aims\n# Literature review\n## Online language learning and classroom language instruction","[{\"question\":\"What language skills does this study assess for Duolingo learners?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses listening and reading proficiency only, using ACTFL proficiency levels.\"},{\"question\":\"Who were the participants in the Duolingo study?\",\"answer\":\"The study includes 225 adult learners living in the United States who completed beginning-level Spanish or French on Duolingo and had little to no prior proficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"What proficiency outcomes did learners reach by the end of the beginning-level courses?\",\"answer\":\"Duolingo learners reached Intermediate Low in reading and Novice High in listening.\"}]","Evaluating the reading and listening outcomes of beginning-level Duolingo courses | PDF",1790756007,73]