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In keeping with these goals, ETS is committed to making its research freely available to the professional community and to the general public. Published accounts of ETS research, including papers in the ETS Research Report series, undergo a formal peer-review process by ETS staff to ensure that they meet established scientific and professional standards. All such ETS-conducted peer reviews are in addition to any reviews that outside organizations may provide as part of their own publication processes. Peer review notwithstanding, the positions expressed in the ETS Research Report series and other published accounts of ETS research are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Officers and Trustees of Educational Testing Service.  \nThe Daniel Eignor Editorship is named in honor of Dr. Daniel R. Eignor, who from 2001 until 2011 served the Research and Development division as Editor for the ETS Research Report series. The Eignor Editorship has been created to recognize the pivotal leadership role that Dr. Eignor played in the research publication process at ETS.  \nTOEFL11: A Corpus of Non-Native English  \nDaniel Blanchard  \nEducational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey  \nJoel Tetreault  \nNuance Communications, Inc., Sunnyvale, California  \nDerrick Higgins and Aoife Cahill Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey  \nMartin Chodorow  \nHunter College and the Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York  \nNovember 2013  \nFind other ETS-published reports by searching the ETS ReSEARCHER database at [http://search.ets.org/researcher/](http://search.ets.org/researcher/)  \nTo obtain a copy of an ETS research report, please visit [http://www.ets.org/research/contact.html](http://www.ets.org/research/contact.html)  \nAction Editor: Beata Beigman Klebanov  \nReviewer: Jill Burstein  \nCopyright © 2013 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.  \nE-RATER, ETS, the ETS logo, and LISTENING. LEARNING. LEADING., TOEFL, and TOEFL IBT are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) .  \nAbstract  \nThis report presents work on the development of a new corpus of non-native English writing. It will be useful for the task of native language identification, as well as grammatical error detection and correction, and automatic essay scoring. In this report, the corpus is described in detail.  \nKey words: native language identification, corpora, TOEFL test  \nThis report presents a new publicly available corpus of non-native English writing called TOEFL11 .1 TOEFL11 consists of essays written during a high-stakes college-entrance test, the TOEFL test. The corpus contains 1,100 essays per language sampled as evenly as possible from eight prompts (i.e. , topics) along with score levels (low/medium/high) for each essay.  \n1 Motivation  \nThe release of the TOEFL11 corpus is intended to support a broad range of research studies in the","cbCairHDNVdt54JI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairHDNVdt54JI","pdf",505115,"English","# Abstract\n# Key words\n# Motivation\n## Native Language Identification","[{\"question\":\"What is TOEFL11, and what problem does it address?\",\"answer\":\"TOEFL11 is a publicly available corpus of non-native English writing developed to support native language identification (NLI). It is also designed to be useful for other educational NLP tasks such as error detection and correction and automatic essay scoring.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the TOEFL11 corpus constructed?\",\"answer\":\"TOEFL11 consists of essays written during the TOEFL test, with 1,100 essays per language sampled as evenly as possible from eight prompts. Each essay is associated with score levels (low, medium, high).\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of research tasks does the corpus enable?\",\"answer\":\"The report highlights use in NLI and in broader educational-domain tasks, including grammatical error detection and correction and automatic essay scoring. It also notes that the corpus can support tailoring feedback for developing writers.\"}]","ETS RR-13-24 - TOEFL11: A Corpus of Non-Native English | PDF",1790810511]