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This article, the first of two, examines how etiquette emerges and what it looks like through communication and conversation, emphasizing early dialogue to manage conflict. The study analyzes ‘shoulding and musting’ and its role in disenfranchising grief by structuring conversations, offering implications for bereavement support.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/etiquette-in-the-context-of-death-and-dying-communication-and-conversation/445959/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/etiquette-in-the-context-of-death-and-dying-communication-and-conversation/445959.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the paper say etiquette means in death and bereavement situations?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It frames ‘etiquette’ as people’s sense of what is ‘should,’ ‘must,’ ‘right’ or ‘appropriate’ in how individuals communicate and interact during death and bereavement.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper explain etiquette’s role in grief experiences?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It highlights how ‘shoulding and musting’ manifests in death and bereavement contexts and how etiquette can contribute to disenfranchised grief by shaping conversations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the paper’s focus regarding communication and conversation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It describes the etiquette of communication and conversation and stresses the importance of early communication to resolve conflict, while clarifying what counts as appropriate communication and support.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},445959,1791034876,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","Etiquette in the Context of Death and Dying: Communication and Conversation  \nOMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying 2026, Vol. 92(3) 1169–1190  \n© The Author(s) 2023  \nArticle reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n[DOI: 10.1177/00302228231196623](DOI: 10.1177/00302228231196623)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/00302228231196623)[journals.sagepub.com/home/ome](journals.sagepub.com/home/ome)  \nJennifer Dayes 1 􀀁, Joseph Keenan1 􀀁, Michal Sadza1, and Karina Croucher2  \nAbstract  \nDeath, bereavement, and grief are experiences suffused with conflict and disenfranchisement. Intricately connected is ‘etiquette’ – the sense of ‘should’ ‘must’ ‘right’‘wrong’ ‘appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ individuals feel in death and bereavement situations. This paper is the first of two answering the question, ‘where does etiquette arise in death and bereavement situations and what does this ‘look like?’’ The theme The etiquette of communication and conversation is described, highlighting the importance of early communication for resolving conflict, what is considered ‘appropriate’ communication and support, and the social values underpinning these. Data highlighted how the CBT concept of ‘shoulding and musting’ manifests in death and bereavement situations, gave insight into etiquette’s role in disenfranchising grief through shaping conversations, and offered suggestions for bereavement support. Though the term‘etiquette’ may be misleading out of context, the concept resonated with the bereaved community and provided language to discuss the nuances of their experiences.  \nKeywords  \netiquette, death, bereavement, thematic analysis, disenfranchised grief  \n1 Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK 2Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK  \nCorresponding Author:  \nJennifer Dayes, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Birley Campus, Manchester, M15 6GX, UK.  \nEmail: [j.dayes@mmu.ac.uk](j.dayes@mmu.ac.uk)  \nIntroduction  \nDeath, Bereavement, and Grief in the West  \nApproximately 15,980,518 people died in developed countries in the year 2020 (Eurostat, 2021) and it is thought that in the United Kingdom, 72% of individuals had experienced bereavement in the last five years (Sue Ryder, 2019) . According to the US Census Bureau (2021), there are 2.6 million deaths per year in the USA, creating an average of five grievers per death, and in a study based on Australian and Irish bereavement, an estimated 87% of individuals had been bereaved (Aoun, et al., 2020) . Although there are issues with defining specific cultures, i.e., the problem of drawing aline between one culture and another (McLean et al., 2017), it is important to attempt to reference the cultural scope of this paper, and as such, the potential transferability of its findings. Our participants defined themselves as coming from Britain, Australia, Europe, America, Ireland, and Mexico. The paper is therefore embedded within ‘the West’, as the aforementioned countries are considered ‘Western ’. These countries are considered to have cultural commonalities which delineate them as separate from other cultures such as the dominance of independent cultural systems and typologies of selfidentity (Kirmayer et al., 2018; Muthukrishna et al., 2020) .  \nTypical experiences of grief in the West include an intense longing for the deceased (Uchida et al., 2022), sadness, anxiety, and guilt (Lloyd, 2018), and remaining connected with the deceased through reminders (like feeling the deceased is suddenly present) as well as by internalising aspects of the deceased ’s values and identity (Clabburn et al., 2021). Twenty to thirty per cent of the sample in Aoun et al. (2020) (n = 908), reported worsening of physical and mental health after bereavement.  \nAs grief is an individual experience (e.g., Sas & Coman, 2016), the present authors would argue, along with Stroebe et al. (2017) or Corr (2019), ","cbCaipNZG9UvuJov","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipNZG9UvuJov","pdf",1031190,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Death, Bereavement, and Grief in the West","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper say etiquette means in death and bereavement situations?\",\"answer\":\"It frames ‘etiquette’ as people’s sense of what is ‘should,’ ‘must,’ ‘right’ or ‘appropriate’ in how individuals communicate and interact during death and bereavement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper explain etiquette’s role in grief experiences?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights how ‘shoulding and musting’ manifests in death and bereavement contexts and how etiquette can contribute to disenfranchised grief by shaping conversations.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the paper’s focus regarding communication and conversation?\",\"answer\":\"It describes the etiquette of communication and conversation and stresses the importance of early communication to resolve conflict, while clarifying what counts as appropriate communication and support.\"}]","Etiquette in the Context of Death and Dying - Communication and Conversation | PDF",1790713483,55]