[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-406006-105":59,"doc-detail-406006-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","ethnic-differences-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-prevalence-and-therapeutic-outcomes","Ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence and therapeutic outcomes","","Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading global cause of cancer-related death, with incidence shaped by both genetic and non-genetic determinants. Genetic contributions include key mutations such as TP53, CTNNB1, ARIC1A, CDKN2A, SMAD2, RB1, and altered pathways involving M6P and AXIN1, alongside immune-related elements like APC. Non-genetic risks include alcohol use, aflatoxin exposure, age, sex, HBV/HCV infection, and NAFLD. Disease severity and occurrence vary by geography, and men and minorities face disproportionate impacts. Ethnicity influences tumor biology and clinical outcomes: non-Caucasian patients show poorer survival. The review emphasizes consistent, evidence-based assessment and standardized outcomes to enable comparison and improvement of HCC research, including epidemiological factors that drive treatment variation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ethnic-differences-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-prevalence-and-therapeutic-outcomes/406006/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ethnic-differences-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-prevalence-and-therapeutic-outcomes/406006.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How do genetic factors contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The document describes multiple gene mutations and pathway alterations, including TP53, CTNNB1, ARIC1A, CDKN2A, SMAD2, RB1, and AXIN1, which contribute to HCC occurrence. It also notes immune-related components such as antigen-presenting cells (APC).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What non-genetic factors increase the risk of HCC?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Non-genetic risks include alcohol consumption, aflatoxin exposure, age and gender, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why might ethnicity affect HCC clinical outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The document states that ethnicity can significantly affect tumorigenesis and clinical outcomes, with non-Caucasian patients more likely to experience poorer survival than Caucasian patients. It also links differences to gene expression and comorbid medical diseases that influence disease progression.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},406006,1790813109,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1821  \nREVIE W  \nEthnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence and therapeutic outcomes  \nVivek Chavda 1 | Kelsee K. Zajac 2 | Jenna Lynn Gunn 2 | Pankti Balar 3 | Avinash Khadela 4 | Dixa Vaghela 3 | Shruti Soni 5 | Charles R. Ashby Jr.6 |  \nAmit K. Tiwari 2,7   \n1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India  \n2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA  \n3Pharmacy Section, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India  \n4Department of Pharmacology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India  \n5PharmD Section, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India  \n6Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, New York, New York, USA  \n7Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA  \nCorrespondence  \nAmit K. Tiwari, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Email: [amit.tiwari@utoledo.edu](amit.tiwari@utoledo.edu)  \nCharles R. Ashby, Jr., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, Queens, New York, New York 11432, USA.  \nEmail: [cnsratdoc@optonline.net](cnsratdoc@optonline.net)  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC is affected by genetic and non‐genetic factors. Genetically, mutations in the genes, tumor protein P53 (TP53), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), AT‐rich interaction domain 1A (ARIC1A), cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), mannose 6‐phosphate (M6P), smooth muscle action against decapentaplegic (SMAD2), retinoblastoma gene (RB1), cyclin D, antigen presenting cells (APC), AXIN1, and E‐cadherin, have been shown to contribute to the occurrence of HCC. Non‐genetic factors, including alcohol consumption, exposure to aflatoxin, age, gender, presence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), increase the risk of HCC.  \nRecent Findings: The severity of the disease and its occurrence vary based on geographical location. Furthermore, men and minorities have been shown to be disproportionately affected by HCC, compared with women and non‐minorities. Ethnicity has been reported to significantly affect tumorigenesis and clinical outcomes inpatients diagnosed with HCC. Generally, differences in gene expression and/or the presence of comorbid medical diseases affect or influence the progression of HCC. Non‐Caucasian HCC patients are significantly more likely to have poorer survival outcomes, compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Finally, there are a number offactors that contribute to the success rate of treatments for HCC.  \nConclusion: Assessment and treatment of HCC must be consistent using evidence‐ based guidelines and standardized outcomes, as well as international clinical practice guidelines for global consensus. Standardizing the assessment approach and method will enable comparison and improvement of liver cancer research through collaboration between researchers, healthcare providers, and advocacy groups. In this review, we will focus on discussing epidemiological factors that result in deviations and changes in treatment approaches for HCC.  \nKEYWOR DS  \nhepatocellular carcinoma, liver cancer, racial disparity, therapeutic outcomes  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.  \nCancer Reports. 2023;6(Suppl. 1):e1821 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1821](https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1821)  \n[wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cnr2](wileyonlinelib","cbCaie3b2NLvcMwB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie3b2NLvcMwB","pdf",2983366,18,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Recent Findings\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Global burden and trends\n## Etiology and risk factors\n## Ethnicity-related differences","[{\"question\":\"How do genetic factors contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence?\",\"answer\":\"The document describes multiple gene mutations and pathway alterations, including TP53, CTNNB1, ARIC1A, CDKN2A, SMAD2, RB1, and AXIN1, which contribute to HCC occurrence. It also notes immune-related components such as antigen-presenting cells (APC).\"},{\"question\":\"What non-genetic factors increase the risk of HCC?\",\"answer\":\"Non-genetic risks include alcohol consumption, aflatoxin exposure, age and gender, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).\"},{\"question\":\"Why might ethnicity affect HCC clinical outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The document states that ethnicity can significantly affect tumorigenesis and clinical outcomes, with non-Caucasian patients more likely to experience poorer survival than Caucasian patients. It also links differences to gene expression and comorbid medical diseases that influence disease progression.\"}]","Ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence and therapeutic outcomes | PDF",1790563063,45]