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Estrogens signal through multiple receptor types and estrogen response elements, and breast cancer is largely hormone-dependent, as about 70% express progesterone and/or estrogen receptors that serve as prognostic markers. This narrative review examines estrogen metabolism, estrogen metabolite interactions in breast cancer, and hormone-susceptible carcinogenic mechanisms, including estrogen-driven contributions and related influencing factors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/estrogens-and-the-risk-of-breast-cancer-a-narrative-review-of-literature/380496/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/estrogens-and-the-risk-of-breast-cancer-a-narrative-review-of-literature/380496.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are estrogens important in female mammal physiology and disease development?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Estrogens influence the progression and regulation of the reproductive system and also affect multiple non-reproductive processes, including lipid metabolism. They act through different receptor types to transmit signals that can contribute to disease development.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is breast cancer linked to estrogen signaling in this review?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Breast cancer is described as mostly hormone-dependent, with about 70% expressing progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors. The review focuses on how estrogen metabolism and estrogen metabolites interact with breast cancer.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What receptor pathways are described for estrogen action?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review describes classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and novel cell surface membrane receptors (GPR30 and ER-X). Both are expressed in brain and peripheral tissues, with estrogen receptor signaling involving binding, nuclear transfer, dimerization, and transcriptional initiation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},380496,1790380177,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":31},2336477405376,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Heliyon 9 (2023) e20224  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nHeliyon  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon)[ www.cell.com/heliyon](homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon)  \n| Review article\u003Cbr>Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature\u003Cbr>Khayry Al-Shami a, 1, Sajeda Awadi a, 1, Almu’atasim Khamees a, b, 1, Ahmad Malek Alsheikh a, Sumaiya Al-Sharif a, Raneem Ala’ Bereshy a, Sharaf F. Al-Eitan a, Sajedah H. Banikhaled a, Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat c, d, Raed M. Al-Zoubid, e, f, *, Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi a\u003Cbr>a Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan\u003Cbr>b Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan\u003Cbr>c Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar d Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar\u003Cbr>e Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar f Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O\u003Cbr>Keywords: Estrogen Oestrogen Risk\u003Cbr>Breast cancer ER | A B S T R A C T |  |\n|  | In female mammals, the development and regulation of the reproductive system and nonreproductive system are significantly influenced by estrogens (oestrogens). In addition, lipid metabolism is another physiological role of estrogens. Estrogens act through different types of receptors to introduce signals to the target cell by affecting many estrogen response elements. Breast cancer is considered mostly a hormone-dependent disease. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors, and they are a good marker for cancer prognosis. This review will discuss estrogen metabolism and the interaction of estrogen metabolites with breast cancer. The carcinogenic role of estrogen is discussed in light of both conventional and atypical cancers susceptible to hormones, such as prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer, as we examine how estrogen contributes to the formation and activation of breast cancer. In addition, this review will discuss other factors that can be associated with estrogendriven breast cancer. |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nEstrogens also known as oestrogens, are key hormones responsible for the progression and regulation of mammal females’reproductive system and have an essential role in the non-reproductive system [1,2]. In addition, they are pleiotropic steroids that playa regulatory role in a myriad of physiological processes from reproduction to lipid metabolism [3]. Estrogens perform their action  \n* Corresponding author. Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.  \nE-mail addresses: [khyree20000@gmail.com](khyree20000@gmail.com) (K. Al-Shami), [sajeda.mahmoudalawady.1997@gmail.com](sajeda.mahmoudalawady.1997@gmail.com) (S. Awadi), [almotasem.kh@gmail.com](almotasem.kh@gmail.com)  \n(A. Khamees), [the.ab@yahoo.com](the.ab@yahoo.com) (A.M. Alsheikh), [sumaiya.alsharif@yahoo.com](sumaiya.alsharif@yahoo.com) (S. Al-Sharif), [raneembarishi18@gmail.com](raneembarishi18@gmail.com) (R. Ala’ Bereshy),  \n[alitansharaf@gmail.com](alitansharaf@gmail.com) (S.F. Al-Eitan), [s.banikhaled4920@gmail.com](s.banikhaled4920@gmail.com) (S.H. Banikhaled), [aalqudimat@hamad.qa](aalqudimat@hamad.qa) (A.R. Al-Qudimat), ralzoubi@  \n[hamad.qa](hamad.qa) (R.M. Al-Zoubi), [mszoubi@yu.edu.jo](mszoubi@yu.edu.jo) (M.S. Al Zoubi).  \n1 Equal contribution to this manuscript.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224)  \nReceived 11 March 2023; Received in revised form 13 September 2023; Accepted 14 September 2023 Available online 17 September 2023  \n2405-8440/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ([http://c","cbCaicYe6jQ3o6OU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicYe6jQ3o6OU","pdf",3203535,"English","# Introduction\n# Estrogen synthesis","[{\"question\":\"Why are estrogens important in female mammal physiology and disease development?\",\"answer\":\"Estrogens influence the progression and regulation of the reproductive system and also affect multiple non-reproductive processes, including lipid metabolism. They act through different receptor types to transmit signals that can contribute to disease development.\"},{\"question\":\"How is breast cancer linked to estrogen signaling in this review?\",\"answer\":\"Breast cancer is described as mostly hormone-dependent, with about 70% expressing progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors. The review focuses on how estrogen metabolism and estrogen metabolites interact with breast cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What receptor pathways are described for estrogen action?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and novel cell surface membrane receptors (GPR30 and ER-X). Both are expressed in brain and peripheral tissues, with estrogen receptor signaling involving binding, nuclear transfer, dimerization, and transcriptional initiation.\"}]","Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature | PDF",1790240421]