[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-601971-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-601971-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","estimating-model-based-oral-reading-fluency-a-bayesian-approach","Estimating Model-Based Oral Reading Fluency - A Bayesian Approach","","Oral reading fluency (ORF) is widely used in schools to screen and monitor students at risk, serving as a strong indicator of reading comprehension and overall reading competence. Traditional ORF scoring within one-minute administrations computes words correct per minute (WCPM) by contrasting correctly and incorrectly read aloud words. This study extends an ORF model-based WCPM estimation method using a latent-variable speed–accuracy psychometric framework, applied to data from 58 fourth-grade students reading four passages, and evaluated via simulations.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/estimating-model-based-oral-reading-fluency-a-bayesian-approach/601971/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/estimating-model-based-oral-reading-fluency-a-bayesian-approach/601971.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the traditional ORF assessment measure and how is WCPM computed?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Students read a grade-level passage for one minute. The assessor uses scoring rules to count incorrectly read words, and WCPM is computed by subtracting incorrect readings from the total words read aloud.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why do WCPM scores raise concerns in current practice?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"WCPM scores can vary greatly across passages even when passages are intended to be equivalent. This variability challenges their use as risk indicators and as a mechanism to evaluate growth.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the proposed method estimate WCPM in this study?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The study develops a model-based estimate of WCPM using a latent-variable psychometric model of speed and accuracy for ORF data. It is applied to data from 58 fourth-grade students and further evaluated through simulation studies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},601971,1792191332,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Estimating Model-Based Oral Reading Fluency: A Bayesian Approach  \nEducational and Psychological Measurement  \n2020, Vol. 80(5) 847–869  \n􀀂 The Author(s) 2020  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/0013164419900208](DOI: 10.1177/0013164419900208)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/0013164419900208)[journals.sagepub.com/home/epm](journals.sagepub.com/home/epm)  \nYusuf Kara 1, Akihito Kamata 1, Cornelis Potgieter2,3 and Joseph F. T. Nese4  \nAbstract  \nOral reading fluency (ORF), used by teachers and school districts across the country to screen and progress monitor at-risk readers, has been documented as a good indicator of reading comprehension and overall reading competence. In traditional ORF administration, students are given one minute to read a grade-level passage, after which the assessor calculates the words correct per minute (WCPM) fluency score by subtracting the number of incorrectly read words from the total number of words read aloud. As part of a larger effort to develop an improved ORF assessment system, this study expands on and demonstrates the performance of a new model-based estimate of WCPM based on a recently developed latent-variable psychometric model of speed and accuracy for ORF data. The proposed method was applied to a data set collected from 58 fourth-grade students who read four passages (a total of 260 words). The proposed model-based WCPM scores were also evaluated through a simulation study with respect to sample size and number of passages read.  \nKeywords  \noral reading fluency, speed–accuracy model, Bayesian estimation  \n1 Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA 2Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA 3University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 4University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA  \nCorresponding Author:  \nAkihito Kamata, Center on Research and Evaluation, Southern Methodist University, Box 511, Dallas, TX 75275-0511, USA.  \nEmail: [akamata@smu.edu](akamata@smu.edu)  \nOral reading fluency (ORF) is defined as ‘‘the oral translation of text with speed and accuracy’’ (Fuchs et al., 2001, p. 239; Shinn et al., 1992), and there is strong theoretical support for ORF as an essential part of reading proficiency (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974; National Reading Panel, 2000; Perfetti, 1985) . In addition, research has repeatedly established that ORF is an important indicator of reading comprehension and overall reading competence (e.g., Fuchs, 2004; Fuchs et al., 1988; Fuchs et al., 2001; Jenkins et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2010; Pinnell et al., 1995; Yovanoff et al., 2005) . ORF can be assessed as a key component of reading ability and is a defining characteristic of good readers, while a lack of ORF is a common characteristic of poor readers (Hudson et al., 2005) . Thus, the measurement of ORF is an important part of screening assessments for identifying students at risk of poor reading outcomes, as well as an important assessment of students’ response to reading intervention.  \nThere are many standardized tests that used ORF assessments, such as the Reading Comprehension section of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills Battery (ITBS; Hoover et al., 2001), the reading test of the Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP; Colorado Department of Education, n.d.), the Stanford Achievement Test (10th ed.; SAT-10, Harcourt Brace, 2003), and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) . However, ORF has mostly been assessed as part of curriculum-based measurement (CBM), which is designed to measure students’ academic status and growth so the effectiveness of instruction may be evaluated. CBMis progressive measurement procedures that can be applied by teachers in order to monitor students achievements (in reading, writing, and math), and explore the possible needs for interventions and instructional modifications (Deno, 1985; Fuchs et al., 1988) . Strong relations have been reported between ORF s","cbCaivxBCXGOOdqc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivxBCXGOOdqc","pdf",415398,23,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) Definition and Significance\n# Traditional ORF Assessment and WCPM Scoring\n# Improved ORF Assessment System\n# Limitations of Current ORF Measures\n# Model-Based WCPM Estimation Approach\n# Study Data and Simulation Evaluation","[{\"question\":\"What does the traditional ORF assessment measure and how is WCPM computed?\",\"answer\":\"Students read a grade-level passage for one minute. The assessor uses scoring rules to count incorrectly read words, and WCPM is computed by subtracting incorrect readings from the total words read aloud.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do WCPM scores raise concerns in current practice?\",\"answer\":\"WCPM scores can vary greatly across passages even when passages are intended to be equivalent. This variability challenges their use as risk indicators and as a mechanism to evaluate growth.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed method estimate WCPM in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study develops a model-based estimate of WCPM using a latent-variable psychometric model of speed and accuracy for ORF data. It is applied to data from 58 fourth-grade students and further evaluated through simulation studies.\"}]","Estimating Model-Based Oral Reading Fluency - A Bayesian Approach | PDF",1792093789,58]