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One factor is the randomization of question sequencing, while the second is learners’ confidence in selecting the correct meaning for a target word. Results show that randomizing question sequence does not significantly change estimated vocabulary size, whereas confidence varies with frequency level. Findings also discuss how confidence should be incorporated by scale or test length.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/establishing-an-online-vocabulary-levels-test-by-using-flash-incorporating-cops-theory/415875/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/establishing-an-online-vocabulary-levels-test-by-using-flash-incorporating-cops-theory/415875.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Guten tag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the online vocabulary size test developed in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It investigates how the ordering of questions affects estimated vocabulary size and examines the relationship between estimated vocabulary size and learners’ confidence for each question.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Does randomizing question sequence significantly affect estimated vocabulary size in the core vocabulary size test?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"No. The results indicate that randomizing question sequences did not have significant effects on the core of the vocabulary size test.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does learners’ confidence relate to vocabulary frequency levels and estimation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Learners with mastery of 8000 words showed higher confidence in higher-frequency words, but this confidence faded as early as the first third-frequency range, affecting how confidence should be considered in estimation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},415875,1791551405,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687212321768,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a0010bdbe886d2fe77?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789897067658708522","Establishing an Online Vocabulary Levels Test by Using Flash Incorporating COPS Theory  \nKazumi Aizawa1 and Tatsuo Iso2  \nAbstract. The present study aims to demonstrate how the estimation of vocabulary size might be affected by two neglected factors in vocabulary size WHVWV􀀑 7KH ¿UVW IDFWRU LV UDQGRPL]DWLRQ RI TXHVWLRQ VHTXHQFH􀀏 DV RSSRVHG WR WKH traditional high-to-low frequency sequencing. The second factor is learners’FRQ¿GHQFH LQ FKRRVLQJ WKH FRUUHFW PHDQLQJ IRU D JLYHQ WDUJHW ZRUG􀀑 $ QHZ RQOLQH vocabulary size test was developed for the purpose of the study with the two factors in mind. The results of the test revealed that (1) randomizing question VHTXHQFHV GLG QRW KDYH VLJQL¿FDQW HIIHFWV RQ WKH VFRUH RI WKH YRFDEXODU\\ VL]H test and (2) even though the learners who had a mastery level of 8000 words VKRZHG KLJKHU FRQ¿GHQFH LQ KLJK IUHTXHQF\\ ZRUGV WKDQ WKH OHDUQHUV ZLWK DVPDOOHU YRFDEXODU\\􀀏 VXFK FRQ¿GHQFH IDGHG DV HDUO\\ DV 􀀗􀀓􀀓􀀓 IUHTXHQF\\ OHYHO RI-$&(7 􀀛􀀓􀀓􀀓􀀑 7KH ¿QGLQJV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ GHWDLO LQ WHUPV RI WKH VFDOH RU WKHOHQJWK RI YRFDEXODU\\ VL]H WHVWV DV ZHOO DV WKH QHHG IRU LQFRUSRUDWLQJ FRQ¿GHQFH in the estimation of vocabulary size.  \nKeywords􀀝 YRFDEXODU\\ VL]H􀀏 PXOWLSOH􀀐FKRLFH WHVW􀀏 FRQ¿GHQFH OHYHO􀀑  \n1. Introduction  \nIt is widely accepted that the knowledge of vocabulary is one of the most important and fundamental assets one would hope to attain in order to carryout a task involving verbal communication more successfully. Accordingly, many attempts have been made to measure the outcome of vocabulary learning.  \n1. Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan; [aizawa@cck.dendai.ac.jp](aizawa@cck.dendai.ac.jp)  \n2. Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan  \nHow to cite this article: Aizawa, K., & Iso, T. (2013). Establishing an Online Vocabulary Levels Test by Using Flash Incorporating COPS Theory. In L. Bradley & S. Thouësny (Eds.), 20 Years of EUROCALL: Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future. Proceedings of the 2013 EUROCALL Conference, Évora, Portugal (pp. 1-1) . Dublin/Voillans:© [Research-publishing.net](Research-publishing.net).  \nKazumi Aizawa and Tatsuo Iso  \nSuch attempts yielded vocabulary tests of many kinds that are appreciated and enjoyed among teachers and researchers who recognize the importance of vocabulary and wish to have deeper insights into the nature of vocabulary and its growth. Among such tests, vocabulary size tests have received most attention so far. A few examples would be Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) (Nation, 1990) and Yes/No Test (Meara, 1992) .  \nDespite their popularity, however, there are few studies conducted on the limitations of the vocabulary size tests (Aizawa, 2006a, 2006b; Aizawa & Iso, 2007). Although it has been shown that the test scores from which the learner’s vocabulary size is estimated vary depending on the types of vocabulary tests, we have yet to see how several factors of a vocabulary size test could affect the results. One such factor is the sequence of questions. We believe this is an important issue when the time required to complete a vocabulary size test becomes longer, since learners can become more susceptible to fatigue in the latter part of the test.  \n&RQ¿GHQFH LV DOVR D IDFWRU WKDW KDV QRW EHHQ SDLG DWWHQWLRQ WR􀀑 5HVHDUFKHUV DQG practitioners intuitively know that learners do not necessarily answer questions ZLWK WKH VDPH GHJUHH RI FRQ¿GHQFH ZKHQ WDNLQJ D YRFDEXODU\\ WHVW􀀏 HVSHFLDOO\\ ZKHQ LW LV D PXOWLSOH􀀐FKRLFH WHVW􀀑 6RPH TXHVWLRQV ZLOO EH DQVZHUHG KLJKO\\ FRQ¿GHQWO\\ ZKLOH RWKHUV ZLWK ORZHU FRQ¿GHQFH RU ZLWK QR FRQ¿GHQFH DW DOO ZKHQ JXHVVZRUN LV HPSOR\\HG􀀑 :KDW ZH GR QRW NQRZ \\HW LV KRZ WKH FRQFHSW RI FRQ¿GHQFH FDQ EH incorporated in the design of vocabulary size tests by means of Clustered Objective Probability Scoring (COPS) (Shizuka, 2004), for example. The present study, therefore, discusses how such vocabulary test factors might affect the estimation of learners’ vocabulary size.  \n2. Study  \n2.1. Purpose  \nThe current study primarily aims to investigate how the","cbCaitxGd5jdLp6p","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitxGd5jdLp6p","pdf",313676,"English","# Introduction\n# Study\n## Purpose\n## Participants\n## Instrument","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the online vocabulary size test developed in this study?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates how the ordering of questions affects estimated vocabulary size and examines the relationship between estimated vocabulary size and learners’ confidence for each question.\"},{\"question\":\"Does randomizing question sequence significantly affect estimated vocabulary size in the core vocabulary size test?\",\"answer\":\"No. The results indicate that randomizing question sequences did not have significant effects on the core of the vocabulary size test.\"},{\"question\":\"How does learners’ confidence relate to vocabulary frequency levels and estimation?\",\"answer\":\"Learners with mastery of 8000 words showed higher confidence in higher-frequency words, but this confidence faded as early as the first third-frequency range, affecting how confidence should be considered in estimation.\"}]","Establishing an Online Vocabulary Levels Test by Using Flash Incorporating COPS Theory | PDF",1790603275,15]