[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84959-en":3,"doc-seo-84959-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":89},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":11},84959,7971461740886,"Theodore","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",8,"Research & Report","EscFOA Enhancing Spatial Learning for Visually Impaired Learners via Generative Spatial Audio in 360-Degree Educational Environments","Immersive 360-degree educational environments often provide insufficient accessible spatial structure, which restricts visually impaired learners’ ability to orient, explore, and build accurate mental representations. EscFOA introduces a geometry-aware spatial audio generation framework that serves as acoustic scaffolding for spatial cognition. By combining 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) with conditional diffusion, EscFOA reconstructs scene geometry from 360-degree videos and synthesizes high-fidelity spatial audio aligned with environmental structure. Results show improved spatial learning behaviors and reduced cognitive load compared with conventional monaural and stereo audio.","EscFOA: Enhancing Spatial Learning for Visually Impaired Learners via Generative Spatial Audio in 360-Degree Educational Environments  \nZiyu Luo∗ , Xiaowei Dai∗ , Siying Zhu† (Correspondence), Xiaoming Chen∗ (Correspondence)  \n∗ School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China Emails: {2431062101, [2330702014](2330702014}@st.btbu.edu.cn)[}](2330702014}@st.btbu.edu.cn)[@st.btbu.edu.cn](2330702014}@st.btbu.edu.cn), [xiaoming.chen@btbu.edu.cn](xiaoming.chen@btbu.edu.cn)  \n†College of Fundamental Studies, Beijing Vocational College of Labour and Social Security, Beijing, China  \nEmail: [2018010308@bvclss.edu.cn](2018010308@bvclss.edu.cn)  \narXiv :2607 .070 15v 1 [ cs . SD] 8 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—Immersive 360-degree educational environments often lack accessible spatial structure, limiting visually impaired learners’ ability to orient, explore, and construct mental representations. This paper proposes EscFOA, a geometry-aware spatial audio generation framework designed as an acoustic scaffolding to support spatial cognition. By integrating 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) with conditional diffusion models, EscFOA reconstructs scene geometry from 360-degree videos to synthesize high-fidelity spatial audio consistent with the environmental structure. Explicitly targeting learning outcomes like independent spatial orientation and reduced cognitive load, EscFOA significantly outperforms conventional monaural and stereo audio in supporting spatial learning behaviors among blindfolded sighted participants (simulating visually impaired learners). These findings demonstrate that geometry-consistent generative audio can effectively enable inclusive access to complex spatial learning materials.  \nIndex Terms—Inclusive Education, Visually Impaired Learners, Spatial Cognition, Immersive Learning, Spatial Audio  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 2.2 billion people worldwide are affected by varying degrees of vision impairment, among whom 217 million are classified as having moderate to severe vision impairment [1], [2] . In digital educational environments, spatial understanding is essential for visually impaired learners to interpret, organize, and internalize instructional content. However, in immersive educational environments, they often have limited access to spatial information despite rich audiovisual content. Although speech remains accessible, critical cues such as the instructor’s movement trajectories are often missing. Lahav et al. [3] identified such cues as necessary for building accurate internal spatial representations of the environment. In high-stakes tasks such as urban traffic safety training, learners must also interpret “auditory shadows” and reflections from facades to identify vehicles approaching from occluded corners [4] . As illustrated in Fig. 1, EscFOA aims to provide geometry-consistent auditory landmarks for tracking moving sound sources in immersive educational environments. Such  \nThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 62577004 .  \nFig. 1. Overview of EscFOA for enhanced spatial learning. Left: conventional mono/stereo audio provides limited and unstable spatial landmarks for visually impaired learners in 360-degree educational environments. Right: EscFOA generates geometry-aware spatial audio to support spatial orientation and reduce cognitive load in virtual classrooms, for example, road-safety scenarios.  \nsupport should extend beyond source localization to include cues such as occlusion, reflection, and reverberation, helping learners infer room layout and spatial relationships during exploration. This challenge is therefore both perceptual and pedagogical, because spatial cognition underpins contextual reasoning, memory organization, and self-directed exploration. Without coherent spatial structure, visually impaired learners are more likely to rely on pa","cbCaibuiD783QS40","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibuiD783QS40","pdf",17079165,2,1,3,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Spatial learning challenges in immersive 360-degree education\n## Limits of mono/stereo audio for spatial cues\n## EscFOA: geometry-aware generative spatial audio framework","[{\"question\":\"What problem does EscFOA address in 360-degree educational environments?\",\"answer\":\"EscFOA addresses the lack of accessible spatial structure, which limits visually impaired learners’ ability to orient, explore, and form mental representations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does EscFOA generate spatial audio from 360-degree videos?\",\"answer\":\"EscFOA uses 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) to recover scene geometry and then a conditional diffusion-based generator to synthesize FOA with cues consistent with occlusion, reflection, and reverberation.\"},{\"question\":\"What learning outcomes does EscFOA aim to improve?\",\"answer\":\"EscFOA targets improved independent spatial orientation and reduced cognitive load, supporting spatial learning behaviors during 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