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It examines how the Horizon 2000 milestone reversed the budget and planning constraints created by the 1971 and 1973 package deals and evaluates key feasibility and planning phases leading toward Horizon 2000.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/esas-scientific-programme-towards-the-turn-of-the-century-may-1999/271769/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/esas-scientific-programme-towards-the-turn-of-the-century-may-1999/271769.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What time period does the report cover?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The report focuses on events in the first half of the 1980s, from the selection of Giotto and Hipparcos to the approval of the Horizon 2000 long-term scientific plan in January 1985.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What was the significance of approving Horizon 2000?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The Horizon 2000 approval marked a major turning point, reversing negative budget and planning consequences stemming from the 1971 and 1973 package deals.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which earlier ESA history events and programmes are referenced as context?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The introduction references the conclusion of the package deal programmes, including Ariane’s maiden flight in December 1979, Spacelab’s development for NASA’s first Shuttle flight in November 1983, and the Marecs satellite launch in December 1981.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},271769,1789461509,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","HSR-24  \nMay 1999  \nESA’s Scientific Programme Towards the Turn of the Century  \nby  \nArturo Russo  \nHSR-24  \nMay 1999  \nESA's Scientific Programme Towards the  \nTurn of the Century  \nby  \nArturo Russo  \nDipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Astronomiche Università degli Studi di Palermo  \nItaly  \nThe ESA History Study Reports are preliminary reports of studies carried out within the framework of an ESA Contract. As such, they will form the basis of a comprehensive study of European space activities covering the period 1958-1987. The authors would welcome comments and criticism, which should be sent to them at the appropriate address below.  \nThe opinions and comments expressed and the conclusions reached are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the Agency.  \nThe ESA History Team comprises:  \nDr John Krige,  \nDirector, CRHST, CNRS and Cité des sciences et de l’industrie, 30, Ave. Corentin Cariou, 75930 Paris, France.  \nProf. Arturo Russo,  \nDipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Astronomiche, Università di Palermo,  \nVia Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy.  \nDr Lorenza Sebesta,  \nFacoltà di Scienze Politiche,  \nUniversità degli Studi di Bologna, Forlì Campus, Via Giacomo della Torre 5, Forlì, Italy.  \nTitle “ESA’s Scientific Programme Towards the Turn of the Century”Published by: ESA Publications Division,  \nESTEC, P.O. Box 299,  \n2200 AG Noordwijk,  \nThe Netherlands.  \nEditor: R.A. Harris  \nPrice: 35 Dutch Guilders  \nISBN No: 92-9092-531-0  \nCopyright: © 1999 The European Space Agency  \nPrinted in: The Netherlands  \nContents  \nIntroduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1  \nStudying new scientific projects ........................................................................................................ 2  \nFeasibility studies .......................................................................................................................... 4  \nGRIST and POLO abandoned........................................................................................................... 6  \nISO selected as new scientific project.............................................................................................. 10  \nThe start of a new planning cycle..................................................................................................... 15  \nPlanning the future ........................................................................................................................... 17  \nTowards Horizon 2000..................................................................................................................... 21  \nThe financial outlook for the scientific programme..................................................................... 21  \nA new approach to ESA's space science ...................................................................................... 24  \nThe Horizon 2000 long-term plan .................................................................................................... 29  \nScientists' lobbying....................................................................................................................... 34  \nHorizon 2000 approved ............................................................................................................... 38  \nFirst implementation of Horizon 2000 ............................................................................................. 39  \nEpilogue............................................................................................................................................ 44  \nConcluding remarks.......................................................................................................................... 46  \nBibliography..................................................................................................................................... 48  \niv  ","cbCaipT5hRKHeack","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipT5hRKHeack","pdf",1700309,55,"English","# Introduction\n## Studying new scientific projects\n## Feasibility studies\n## GRIST and POLO abandoned\n## ISO selected as new scientific project\n## The start of a new planning cycle\n## Planning the future\n## Towards Horizon 2000\n## The financial outlook for the scientific programme\n## A new approach to ESA's space science\n## The Horizon 2000 long-term plan\n## Scientists' lobbying\n## Horizon 2000 approved\n## First implementation of Horizon 2000\n## Epilogue\n## Concluding remarks\n## Bibliography","[{\"question\":\"What time period does the report cover?\",\"answer\":\"The report focuses on events in the first half of the 1980s, from the selection of Giotto and Hipparcos to the approval of the Horizon 2000 long-term scientific plan in January 1985.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the significance of approving Horizon 2000?\",\"answer\":\"The Horizon 2000 approval marked a major turning point, reversing negative budget and planning consequences stemming from the 1971 and 1973 package deals.\"},{\"question\":\"Which earlier ESA history events and programmes are referenced as context?\",\"answer\":\"The introduction references the conclusion of the package deal programmes, including Ariane’s maiden flight in December 1979, Spacelab’s development for NASA’s first Shuttle flight in November 1983, and the Marecs satellite launch in December 1981.\"}]","ESA's Scientific Programme Towards the Turn of the Century - May 1999 | PDF",139]