[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-149349-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-149349-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","esal-wettability-measurements-how-and-why-white-paper","ESal Wettability Measurements - How and Why - White Paper","","Wettability governs electrical behavior, capillary pressure, relative permeability, waterflood performance, ultimate recovery, and EOR options in reservoirs, making it a key input for fluid and operational decisions. The white paper shows that measured wettability may change under normal operations, particularly with reservoir salinity, using a Permian shale example. It explains how neutral-wet conditions improve oil drainage and recovery, and compares common macro-scale measurement techniques.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/esal-wettability-measurements-how-and-why-white-paper/149349/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/esal-wettability-measurements-how-and-why-white-paper/149349.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Ezra","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",18,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are wettability measurements important for reservoir performance?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Wettability influences electrical properties, capillary pressure, relative permeability, waterflood behavior, and EOR options. It also affects how fluids are selected for drilling, completion, and waterflood operations.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How can wettability change during normal operations?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The paper explains that wettability is not always stable; it can vary with operational factors such as salinity. A Permian shale example shows different oil cases where wettability is either insensitive or highly sensitive to salinity.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What measurement techniques are commonly used to evaluate wettability?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Common macroscale techniques include contact angles, spontaneous or forced imbibition, capillary pressure, and interfacial tension. The document also summarizes qualitative/quantitative attributes, time, temperature/pressure needs, and costs for several methods.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},149349,1787798413,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":112,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":118,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","February 2020  \nWHITE PAPER  \nT H E S E C R E T I S I N T H E W A T E R  \nWettability Measurements How and Why?  \nYou want a wettability measurement for your eld, but what are you going to do with it and which technique should you use?  \nW W W . E S A L I N I T Y . C O M  \nWET T ABILITY MEASUREMENTS:  \nHOW and WHY?  \nIt is commonly accepted that wettability controls electrical properties, capillary pressure, relative permeability, water ood behavior, ultimate recovery and EOR options in reservoirs, making it an important measurment (Anderson, 1986) . For instance, the information is used to design drilling, completion and water ood uids. But in the end, you want information that leads to pro table results which means avoiding negative outcomes and creating positive ones.  \nMost of us assume that the measured wettability is relatively stable and unchanged by normal operations, essentially an intrinsic property of the reservoir. At ESal LLC, we have learned that wettability can be changed by normal operations and this knowledge should bean essential component of operational decisions. The 􀀞gure opposite shows the change in wettability with salinity for a Permian shale reservoir with two different Permian oils. Reservoir salinity is on the  \ny-axis, and salinity is on the x-axis with lower values to the right. This shale reservoir is initially water-wet with either oil. In the 􀀞rst case, the wettability is insensitive to salinity (black line) and you will not affect reservoir wettability when using a wide range of salinity in your frac water.  \nIn the second case the wettability is very sensitive to salinity (red line) and the salinity  \n􀀔􀀚􀀖􀀓􀀞􀀕􀀒 􀀐􀀏􀀕􀀝􀀚  \n􀀍􀀞􀀌􀀏  􀀋􀀊􀀉􀀚􀀖  \n􀀐􀀕􀀝􀀞􀀒􀀞􀀙􀀎  \nof your frac uid matters. By using the right water in the second case, you can change the water-wet reservoir to neutral-wet and increase recovery.  \nThis additional recovery occurs because the best oil drainage happens where oil and water move equally well, or neutral wettability. This condition strikes the balance between adhesion (oil-wet) and water block (water-wet) .  \n2 Wettability Measurements: How and Why?  \nWET T ABILITY MEASUREMENTS: HOW and WHY?  \nThe next 􀀞gure shows this concept. The shaded crescent area shows the range of residual oil saturation (Sor) data from carbonate and sandstone rocks as thewettability changes. We can see both oil-wet and water-wet conditions do not allow the lowest residual saturations (best recovery) compared to neutral-wet conditions.  \n􀀉􀀈 􀀇􀀆  \n􀀉􀀈 􀀇􀀉  \n􀀉􀀈 􀀅􀀆  \n􀀉􀀈 􀀅􀀉  \n􀀉􀀈􀀄􀀆  \n􀀉􀀈􀀄􀀉  \n􀀉􀀈􀀉􀀆  \n􀀉  \n􀀞􀀝􀀜􀀛􀀚􀀙 􀀘􀀚􀀗􀀙􀀖􀀕􀀝􀀜􀀛􀀚􀀙 􀀛􀀕􀀙􀀚􀀖􀀜􀀛􀀚􀀙  \nThe difference in recovery can be substantial depending on the wettability condition and the positive economic outcomes in the shale case above are evident.  \nNow that we understand the importance of water and wettability, how do we measure wettability, and will that measurement help me recover more oil?  \nWettability is measured by various techniques, but all are macro-scale expressions of the nano-scale forces. The common macroscale measurements include contact angles, spontaneous or forced imbibition, capillary pressure, and interfacial tension. The table below summarizes some of the important aspects of the commonly used techniques.  \n\n| \u003Cbr>Technique Quant. Qual. Time Temp. Pressure Expense Core Cuttings\u003Cbr>Amott\u003Cbr>X 10 d N N high Y\u003Cbr>N |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| USBM | X |  | 1-3 d | N | N | high | Y | N |\n| Contact Angle | X |  | 1-2 hr | Y | Y | high | Y | N |\n| Imbibition |  | X | 60-90 d | Y | N | med | Y | N |\n| Capillary Pressure |  | X | 1 d | N | N | med | Y | N |\n| Chromatographic | X |  | 1 d | Y | Y | high | Y | N |\n| Modi􀀞ed Flotation | X | X | 1 d | Y | N | low | Y | Y |\n| NMR | X |  | 1 d | Y | Y | high | Y | N |\n| FESEM |  | X | 1 d | N | N | high | Y | Y |\n| Interfacial Tension |  | X | 1 d | N | N | med | ---- | ---- |\n\n3 Wettability Measurements: How and Why?  \nWET T ABILITY MEASUREMENTS: HOW and WHY?  \nThe methods c","cbCaiohyheGTj7MM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiohyheGTj7MM","pdf",724820,"English","# Wettability Measurements: How and Why?\n## Wettability importance and operational change with salinity\n## Macro-scale measurement techniques and practical outcomes\n## Static vs dynamic methods for wettability evaluation\n## Contact angle interpretation and fluid-rock relations","[{\"question\":\"Why are wettability measurements important for reservoir performance?\",\"answer\":\"Wettability influences electrical properties, capillary pressure, relative permeability, waterflood behavior, and EOR options. It also affects how fluids are selected for drilling, completion, and waterflood operations.\"},{\"question\":\"How can wettability change during normal operations?\",\"answer\":\"The paper explains that wettability is not always stable; it can vary with operational factors such as salinity. A Permian shale example shows different oil cases where wettability is either insensitive or highly sensitive to salinity.\"},{\"question\":\"What measurement techniques are commonly used to evaluate wettability?\",\"answer\":\"Common macroscale techniques include contact angles, spontaneous or forced imbibition, capillary pressure, and interfacial tension. The document also summarizes qualitative/quantitative attributes, time, temperature/pressure needs, and costs for several methods.\"}]","ESal Wettability Measurements - How and Why - White Paper | PDF"]