[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113123-en":3,"doc-seo-113123-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113123,8796095360427,"Lucas Martin","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d",8,"Research & Report","Error, Fraud, and Corruption Monitoring - Chapter 8.6 - Essential monitoring and mitigation strategies","Social protection systems must ensure benefits and services reach intended beneficiaries at the right time, in the correct amount, and with appropriate delivery arrangements. Error, fraud, and corruption (EFC) reduce economic efficiency by diverting value away from eligible recipients and can weaken political support for programs. The chapter defines EFC types, explains their prevalence and drivers, and outlines prevention, detection, and deterrence measures plus monitoring and evaluation to improve cost-effectiveness.","Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nSOURCEBOOK SUMMARY | CHAPTER 8. 6: ERROR, FRAUD, AND CORRUPTION MONITORING MAY 2022  \n CHAPTER 8.6   \nError, Fraud, and  \nCorruption Monitoring  \nPub lic Disc losure Authorized  \nSocial protection systems include programs delivering benefits and services to thousands or millions of beneficiaries. While the value of benefits or services may be relatively low, on aggregate, social protection spending is a substantial part of the national budget.  \nThus, it is important to make sure that benefits and services reach the intended beneficiaries, in the right amount, atthe right time, with the correct logistical arrangements. Error, fraud, and corruption (EFC) reduces the economic efficiency of interventions by decreasing the amount of benefits and services that go to the intended beneficiaries, and subsequently, may erode the political support for the program. Hence, monitoring and curbing the level of EFC in these programs is an essential task.  \nDEFINITIONS, PREVALENCE, AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF EFC  \nDefinition  \nIn the implementation of social protection programs, it is common that a fraction of these transfers or services is lost to EFC. As a starting point, let us discuss the central concepts.  \n• Error is the unintentional deviation from program or benefit rules, resulting in the wrong benefit package or benefits to an ineligible applicant. Errors may be the result of unintentional mistakes by program administrators, or the product of applicants or beneficiaries inadvertently providing incorrect information.  \n• Fraud occurs when a client or beneficiary deliberately makes a false statement or conceals or distorts relevant information regarding program eligibility or level of benefits.  \n• Corruption commonly involves manipulation of beneficiary rosters (e.g., registering potential beneficiaries for clientelist purposes to garner political support); staff accepting illegal payments from applicants or beneficiaries; or diversion of funds to ghost or illegal channels.  \nWhy Do We Care about EFC in Social Protection Programs?  \nThese programs channel a large amount of public resources to beneficiaries, and even a small fraction of misappropriated benefits may add up to large sums of money with high opportunity costs. On average, social protection spending represents 16 percent of GDP in developed countries, 7 percent in middle-income countries, and 4 percent in lower-income countries.  \nWhile EFC statistics are not always available in many countries, the evidence from countries monitoring EFC shows that significant amounts are lost to EFC. Even in countries that devote a large amount of resources to prevent, deter, detect, and recover money lost to EFC, this amount can be large. The rate of EFC varied by type of program, being higher in those programs with more complex eligibility criteria and/or reassessment requirements, such as poverty targeted programs (in this case, means-tested welfare programs), disability insurance, or unemployment supports. For means-tested programs, the rate of EFC climbed up to about 10 percent.  \nEFC MITIGATION STRATEGIES  \nThe standard mitigation strategies consist of prevention, detection, and deterrence.  \n• Preventive measures reduce the likelihood of EFC occurrences  \nThese measures are implemented early in the delivery chain, during the assessment and enrollment phases. These could include a range of activities focusing on the design and governance of a social protection program, such as (1) streamlining the administrative steps involved in administering the benefit; (2) simplifying eligibility criteria; and (3) reducing the complexity of the whole benefit system (e.g., by moving from program-by-program eligibility determination to a harmonized assessment, through a social registry) .  \n• Detection refers to finding EFC within the social protection system or program  \nThese measures are implemented during the recurrent delivery cycle.","cbCaimVBp8rqzDmp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimVBp8rqzDmp","pdf",338452,1,4,"English","en",105,"# Definitions, Prevalence, and Factors Affecting the Level of EFC\n## Definition\n## Why Do We Care about EFC in Social Protection Programs?\n# EFC Mitigation Strategies\n## Prevention\n## Detection\n## Deterrence\n## Monitoring and Evaluation\n# Building a System to Reduce the Rate of EFC","[{\"question\":\"What is the difference between error, fraud, and corruption in social protection programs?\",\"answer\":\"Error is an unintentional deviation from program rules or incorrect information provided unintentionally. Fraud involves deliberate false statements or concealment about eligibility or benefit levels. Corruption typically includes manipulation of rosters, illegal payments by staff, or diversion of funds to illicit channels.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does error, fraud, and corruption matter for social protection spending?\",\"answer\":\"Even small misallocations can add up to large sums because programs channel substantial public resources. EFC also creates high opportunity costs and can erode political support for the program.\"},{\"question\":\"Which strategies are used to mitigate EFC, and what do they target?\",\"answer\":\"Mitigation follows prevention, detection, and deterrence. Prevention reduces the likelihood of EFC during assessment and enrollment; detection identifies suspected cases during recurrent delivery; deterrence applies sanctions such as loss of entitlements, recovery, administrative penalties, or criminal prosecution.\"}]",1784500228,10,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"error-fraud-and-corruption-monitoring-chapter-86-essential-monitoring-and-mitigation-strategies","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,52,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/error-fraud-and-corruption-monitoring-chapter-86-essential-monitoring-and-mitigation-strategies/113123/",{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":40,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-20","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is the difference between error, fraud, and corruption in social protection programs?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Error is an unintentional deviation from program rules or incorrect information provided unintentionally. Fraud involves deliberate false statements or concealment about eligibility or benefit levels. Corruption typically includes manipulation of rosters, illegal payments by staff, or diversion of funds to illicit channels.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Why does error, fraud, and corruption matter for social protection spending?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Even small misallocations can add up to large sums because programs channel substantial public resources. EFC also creates high opportunity costs and can erode political support for the program.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"Which strategies are used to mitigate EFC, and what do they target?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Mitigation follows prevention, detection, and deterrence. Prevention reduces the likelihood of EFC during assessment and enrollment; detection identifies suspected cases during recurrent delivery; deterrence applies sanctions such as loss of entitlements, recovery, administrative penalties, or criminal prosecution.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,127,130,133],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":28,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":132},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]